buy custom The Framers Intent essay

purchase custom The Framers Intent article The bill of rights that involves arrangements in the American constitution includes laws that will influence the age to come in United States. The bill of rights went in 1789 planned for forcing reasonableness and fairness among publics. The laws will over the long haul make a consistent strict equalization activity that enables the general public and empower resilience among residents in different strict gatherings and over security on singular rights. The laws administer data scattering in the long run through developing correspondence informal organizations that become noteworthy as the world turns into a worldwide town. Data innovation has made a compressive system which will empower specialists and interpersonal organization designers screen adverse use or maltreatment of data and make basic move. The court through the legitimate parliamentary alteration board of trustees can visualize systems that will guarantee the informal organizations rights and clients are secured for exam ple data download and utilization. The bill likewise makes an equalization to approve the people in the future to stay away from unmoved utilization of social assets in a thoughtless commercialization of humankind. The laws expressed in the constitution empowered the American Supreme Court to induce purview and screen the general government assistance all things considered and make foundations that draw in open certainty. The establishments will be profoundly delicate to ensure the privileges of people in a reasonable and monetary restrained condition with legit people who order authority and respectability through withstanding to the standard of law. 1.0. Presentation In the 21st century, the residents require laws which will make a pathway for uniformity and opportunity on everyday bases of life. The nobility achieved by the bill of rights has profoundly affected securities oppressed on tolerance and prosperity of the general public with lucidity of lawful arrangements that ensures mankind. The United States bill of rights catches the human ability to speak freely, security and criminal equity in the constitution. The individuals today comprehend their privileges far significantly more than in the previous years. 2.0. The right to speak freely of discourse The Human idea to carrying on with a rational life and being a legitimate withstanding resident has imagined the making of laws that make an individual intelligible to a free society. Since the history on the American and French transformations in the eighteenth century where individuals battled for vote based system and uniformity, the idea of opportunity has bit by bit rose. Note that the right to speak freely of discourse to all residents is a basic right. It permits free correspondence of thoughts and individualistic sentiments and all people are qualified for compose, talk and distribute unreservedly. Nonetheless, the individual will be at risk to discipline if there should arise an occurrence of maltreatment of data and opportunity likewise and will consistently be characterized by law. Each individual is allowed to disperse data and look for thoughts and confer readily. Today global guidelines are set by different countries to permit all individuals paying little heed to begin ning to share impartially on egal rights and convey. There is no away from plan on the arrangement of the right to speak freely of discourse, however there are aggregate corrections of the US constitution that were presented by the fourth leader of the US, James Madison in 1789 and he made revision in 1795 on the consequence procedure. The purpose of the bill of rights was securing the characteristic privileges of freedom including property just as opportunity of religion and discourse. The right to speak freely ought to be the capacity of a person to talk openly without dread and control and whereby he communicates his own sentiments in following up on, looking for, accepting or giving data. The individual likewise has a decision to utilize any medium to pass data to the intended interest group. Be that as it may, the bill of rights has its results to legitimately rebuff the individuals who violate the law by including brilliantly on loathe discourse. The right to speak freely of discourse perceives human rights as the option to hold assessments without impedances and boldness under human rights law in America. A person on the right to speak freely of discourse notwithstanding, has the contentions with the qualities or rights. 3.0. Opportunity of love Opportunity of love is a rule that targets supporting people and networks to show on religion and convictions just as showing their affirmed convictions and love. The decision to settle on strict choices depends on singular comprehension. (For example not to follow any religion).The charge gives people power to settle on continuation of or suspend with enrollment in a picked strict gathering. The approach makes a huge piece of strict opportunity. Today in the general public, strict perspectives and opportunity can be felt as crucial human rights steadily on the Universal assertion of human rights. As indicated by Jefferson, individuals reserve the privilege to love the maker, whereby he expressed that among the endless of our endowments, there is additionally the freedom to venerate our maker in the manner we believe is generally pleasant to his will (Jefferson, 1898). Opportunity of love has a few reasonable items on strict exercises by people as it endures decent variety of philosophical accepts and frameworks which make a base of opportunity for individuals to act. The opportunity of love has crossed limits while numerous countries comprehensively share various stories on strict development and individuals strengthening in the otherworldly intuition. Be that as it may, the countries contrast on legitimate practices, for example, harsh social enactments and political disappointment. 4.0. Right to Privacy As indicated by Eugene Huckock, the general tradition that must be adhered to hears before it denounces. It likewise continues upon request and it generally renders judgment simply after preliminary (Huckock, 1991). This includes limits and mandates on what ought to be viewed as private among people, societies and publics pertinent to shared normal subjects. There are additionally secrecies identified with protection, for example, people wishing to stay unnoticed in different open domains which is their privileges. Protection is acting naturally inborn with extraordinary characters touchy for exposure. Security of data reveals the proper use and assurance of data. On the planet today, headway realized by data innovation has made it simpler for organization or adequately and proficiently data the board. In any case, government has an option to attack security through basic examination for example tax collection laws demand that people must share data on close to home pay and profit. The individual protection might be intentionally founded on individual seen benefits on exposure. Be that as it may, there are explicit perils and misfortunes and this must be deliberately involved. This implies security can be willful penance; at a pigeonhole position data must be ensured to maintain a strategic distance from personality and data robbery. Language can likewise be a prevention now and again on security issues where an individual may require an outsider for translation purposes. 5.0. Criminal rights An excessive number of criminal frameworks can be scary and the guilty parties have rights as other people. On criminal cases, the bill requires prosecution by the fantastic jury made out of individuals from the state or legal. The bill of rights targets ensuring fast open preliminaries through an unbiased jury made out of individuals from the state or legal areas in which the wrongdoing happened. The arrangement additionally disallows twofold peril. As indicated by Salvatore Zappala, a criminal is qualified for have lawful help as equity requires this regardless of whether he doesn't have adequate intends to pay for it (Zappala, 2003). He additionally expresses that when one is captured, the individual will be educated at the hour of capture the explanations behind his capture and will be instantly educated regarding any charges against him. The litigant has the option to data on the charges blamed and it is the obligation for the legislature to give legitimate elements that are reasonable for every single person. The privileges of criminal litigants and all people have protected rights. 6.0. The court The American Supreme Court has the honesty to protect the respectability and established privileges of every one of its residents. The court on political issues topples as far as possible on data and nature of political discourse. The court guarantees individuals associated with specific issues are full grown and not minors in order to make a transfer for adequacy on arrangements. End The states congress should make laws in clearness of individuals needs whereby the dominant part consistently runs the show. It ought not build up or institute laws on religion that precludes the free exercise thereof; or connecting opportunity of residents. Singular individuals should likewise be proficient on their privileges and the lawful rule that must be attempted so as to address their issues and rights. It is likewise important to comprehend opportunity of the press and the campaigning or appeal of the legislature on reviewing complaints. Purchase custom The Framers Intent exposition

My Rough Year Eleventh Grade Essay Example For Students

My Rough Year Eleventh Grade Essay My lesser year of secondary school was an intense one for me, particularly throughout the fall semester. It was an extremely intense year scholastically. I didn't excel on my SATs when I took them, and when I retook them a while later I did far and away more terrible. I began of the year with a C-in Spanish, one of my most noticeably terrible subjects, by a wide margin. My US history educator despised me and revealed to me I should change out of his group from the very beginning. I thought AP science would have been great however it turned out to be so much work I didn’t recognize how to manage myself. Some different things didn’t go my direction either. I didn’t make the beginning situation on the varsity football crew, similar to I had needed. I met this extremely extraordinary young lady however. She was all that I needed in a companion: interesting, sweet, sharing, supportive, such stuff. What's more, in the end we began dating. Things appeared as though they were pivoting for old Guillermo, and afterward bam, everything hit me like a cargo train hitting an old portage get, route over the hill, abandoned in a train tracks crossway. My better half Cheated on me and afterward dumped me. Later on that week I deteriorated SAT scores and the evaluations for that quarter came in and I saw my C-. Things were not looking wonderful for me. The earlier year I had played lacrosse in the spring. It’s a cool game and I love watching it when it’s on TV, yet I didn't a lot of like playing it by any stretch of the imagination. My colleagues were not exceptionally decent, and I was basically awful. So before the finish of the fall, I was not in the slightest degree anticipating lacrosse in the spring. Well it turns out I wouldn’t must play lacrosse any longer, since one of my companions, Matt, had marked me up for rugby in the spring. â€Å"Oh kid!! † isn't what I said by any stretch of the imagination. I was horrendously terrified of rugby. There was no chance I would readily play. So one day I strolled over with my companion, one of the skippers, to the rugby coach’s office. He was likewise the senior member of understudies, and a history educator my history instructor. Being the senior member he was normally occupied so my companion addressed the mentor for just a brief timeframe, disclosing to him how I was joining the group. Coach’s just reaction was â€Å"OK. † So I didn’t truly realize what's in store from the mentor by then. I had prepared myself for the season by getting in the weight live with the group however much as could reasonably be expected. There is preseason in the winter where everyone attempts to get molded and more grounded. I was beginning to dispose of my feelings of trepidation of the pitch and successes the increasingly more I got more amicable with the group. Furthermore, as it turned out, I was one of the more grounded fellows in the group. Before the finish of the winter I was imagining that things probably won't be so awful all things considered. Before I knew it we were rehearsing five times each week. It was serious, however I wasn’t half terrible. And afterward I got word that we were going to Texas for 12 days during spring break to practice and play as a group. I told my mentor that I couldn’t truly manage the cost of it, however he was obstinate that I go, thus he made it so I could go for less cash. Texas was unbelievable. It’s the state where I had my first since forever rugby match-up. I broke my nose there as well, during that exact same game. Prior to that game, I had really never had some good times doing anything in all my years. It truly enlivened me to work more diligently so I could get some all the more playing time and have an effect in my group. What's more, I had I realized I had it in me. I lifted with my amigo consistently after training, so I could have any kind of effect on the pitch. Furthermore, I did. Rugby turned out to be so colossal for me. My mentor would consistently praise me practically speaking, and that made me work increasingly hard. .uba5f00b897a0d91fb368568d70086e45 , .uba5f00b897a0d91fb368568d70086e45 .postImageUrl , .uba5f00b897a0d91fb368568d70086e45 .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .uba5f00b897a0d91fb368568d70086e45 , .uba5f00b897a0d91fb368568d70086e45:hover , .uba5f00b897a0d91fb368568d70086e45:visited , .uba5f00b897a0d91fb368568d70086e45:active { border:0!important; } .uba5f00b897a0d91fb368568d70086e45 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .uba5f00b897a0d91fb368568d70086e45 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .uba5f00b897a0d91fb368568d70086e45:active , .uba5f00b897a0d91fb368568d70086e45:hover { obscurity: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .uba5f00b897a0d91fb368568d70086e45 .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: relativ e; } .uba5f00b897a0d91fb368568d70086e45 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content beautification: underline; } .uba5f00b897a0d91fb368568d70086e45 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .uba5f00b897a0d91fb368568d70086e45 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content embellishment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .uba5f00b897a0d91fb368568d70086e45:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .uba5f00b897a0d91fb368568d70086e45 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .uba5f00b897a0d91fb368568d70086e45-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .uba5f00b897a0d91fb368568d70086e45:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Reasons That Lead Teenagers To Alcohol Abuse And T EssayI realized that so as to continue playing I needed to keep my evaluations up, so that’s what I did. Rugby diverted me from senseless things like young ladies and government sanctioned testing. I simply needed to have a ball, and that’s what I did. As the year went on I got more grounded and more grounded, self-inspiring myself to turn into the best competitor I could be. I got greater varsity playing time accordingly, and in the end I had made sure about myself a beginning situation in the game that I love the most. I got my evaluations on ta rget, and I buckled down over the late spring, and wound up beginning for my football crew also. Things turned out truly well for me after I had discovered something worth committing my opportunity to, and I even met an ideal young lady who I despite everything need to help me at whatever I do. A legend once stated, â€Å"Ability is the thing that you can do. Inspiration figures out what you do. Disposition decides how well you do it. † I trust I oozed what Lou Holtz was discussing. Presently I probably won't have instructed the Fighting Irish to a 12-0 title winning season, however I certainly worked my heart out to achieve all that I could do.

How the Muller-Lyer Illusion Is Used in Psychology

How the Muller-Lyer Illusion Is Used in Psychology Theories Cognitive Psychology Print Muller-Lyer Illusion History and Use in Psychology By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on January 31, 2020 Fibonacci / Wikimedia Commons / (CC BY-SA 3.0) More in Theories Cognitive Psychology Behavioral Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand What Do You See? How It Works Size Constancy Explanation Depth Cue Explanation Conflicting Cues Explanation View All Back To Top The  Muller-Lyer illusion  is a well-known optical illusion in which two lines of the same length appear to be of different lengths. The illusion was first created by a German psychologist named Franz Carl Muller-Lyer in 1889. What Do You See? In the image above, which line appears the longest? For most people, the line with the fins of the arrow protruding outward appears to be the longest while the line with the arrow fins pointing inwards appears shorter. While your eyes might tell you that line in the middle is the longest, the shafts of both lines are exactly the same length. First discovered in 1889 by F.C. Muller-Lyer, the illusion has become  the subject of considerable interest and different theories have emerged to explain the phenomenon. How Does the Muller-Lyer Illusion Work? Optical illusions can be fun and interesting but they also serve as an important tool for researchers. By looking at how we perceive these illusions, we can learn more about how the  brain  and  perceptual process  work. However, experts do not always agree on exactly what causes optical illusions, as is the case with the Muller-Lyer illusion. The Size Constancy Explanation According to psychologist Richard Gregory, this illusion occurs because of a misapplication of size constancy scaling. In most cases, size constancy allows us to perceive objects in a stable way by taking distance into account. In the three-dimensional world, this principle allows us to perceive a tall person as tall whether they are standing next to us or off in the distance. When we apply this same principle to two-dimensional objects, Gregory suggests, errors can result. Other researchers contend that Gregorys explanation does not sufficiently explain this illusion. For example, other versions of the Muller-Lyer illusion utilize two circles at the end of the shaft. While there are no depth cues, the illusion still occurs. It has also been demonstrated that the illusion can even occur when viewing three-dimensional objects.?? The Depth Cue Explanation Depth plays an important role in our ability to judge distance. One explanation of the Muller-Lyer illusion is that our brains perceive the depths of the two shafts based upon depth cues. When the fins are pointing in toward the shaft of the line, we perceive it as sloping away much like the corner of a building. This depth cue leads us to see that line as further away and therefore shorter. When the fins are pointing outward away from the line, it looks more like the corner of a room sloping toward the viewer. This depth cue leads us to believe that this line is closer and therefore longer. The Conflicting Cues Explanation An alternative explanation proposed by R. H. Day suggests that the Muller-Lyer illusion occurs because of conflicting cues. Our ability to perceive the length of the lines depends on the actual length of the line itself and the overall length of the figure. Since the total length of one figure is longer than the length of the lines themselves, it causes the line with the outward-facing fins to be seen as longer. Researchers from the University of London suggest that the illusion demonstrates how the brain reflexively judges information about length and size before anything else.?? Many visual illusions might be so effective because they tap into how the human brain reflexively processes information. If an illusion can capture attention in this way, then this suggests that the brain processes these visual clues rapidly and unconsciously. This also suggests that perhaps optical illusions represent what our brains like to see, explained researcher Dr. Michael Proulx.

Erickson s Theory Of Development - 1382 Words

Erickson has developed a psychosocial theory, which was modeled on Freud s model of psychosexual theory. Erickson s theory extends the number of life stages in order to encompass the entire life. Erickson expanded the principles of psychosocial development beyond childhood and theorized that the ego itself is shaped and transformed not only by biological and psychological forces, but also social factors. This was a new perspective because Freud s theory didn t use any other factors for development. Erickson s â€Å"linked biological urogenital zones with particular mode of ego functioning and demonstrated how self and identity are biological, physical, logical, and socially determined.†(Berzoff, 2011) Erickson saw development occurring†¦show more content†¦Each stage affects later stages, with a dilemma that can be resolved positively or negatively. The resolution will impact the development of the individual. These are Erickson s eight stages of development. Stages Ages Virtue trust versus basic mistrust 0-18months trust autonomy versus shame and doubt 18 months-3 yrs. will initiative versus guilt 3years-6yrs. Sense of purpose industry versus inferiority 6yrs.- 11yrs. competence identity versus role confusion 11yrs-18yrs. fidelity intimacy versus isolation 19yrs-25yrs. love generativity versus stagnation 25yrs-60yrs Care Egointegrity versus despair 60yrs-til death Wisdom (Berzoff, 2011) There are some differences in both theories. Erickson did not dwell on the unconscious, id, and drive. His focus was on consciousness, the Ego interplay of

Social Problems, Values and Norms - 649 Words

A social problem is a condition that directly or indirectly affects at least some members of society who consider it to be in violation of certain values or morals. Values are what people think is good or bad, right or wrong. One groups values can be entirely different from another groups values based on what each group deems important to them. Norms are more specific and they are â€Å"rules of conduct that guide people’s behavior† (Sullivan, 2012). Therefore, when a group of people behave or act out in a certain way that is in contrast to other group’s values or norms it can create a social problem. Furthermore, social problems can be labeled as such when an influential group places significant light on the issue. This allows for public debate about the issue or condition. This debate drives opinions and allows people to consider what is more important to them with their values and norms. Eventually social policy or collective action is put into place in an attempt to elevate the condition. The condition can be affecting many or only a small group of people but in order for it to be considered a social problem the condition needs to be considered a threat to a group’s values or norms. The larger the number of people affected the more likely the condition will be addressed as a social problem. There are a vast number of examples of social problems that are current conditions affecting groups in our society today. Unemployment is a condition that affects all of society directlyShow MoreRelated Social Problems1061 Words   |  5 PagesFerreira (2005:86), four elements may be discerned when attempting to define a social problem. The four elements are: a pressure (influential) group; a social condition; a set of values and norms; and collective action. Taking these four elements as building blocks the following definition of a social problem may be arrived at: A social condition, known to a pressure group as posing a threat to current values and norms, that requires collective action to rectify (Pretorius, Le Roux, Lesufi, LiebenbergRead MoreSubstance Abuse Among School Students1584 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction to Social Problem Certain adverse situations that may have harmful consequences may affect societies. They may hinder the normal functioning of the society. Such harmful situations are known as social problems. These problems arise because every society has certain norms and values. When these norms and values are violated, they result in social problems. They are problems because such deviation of norms and values are dysfunctional in the society. Some of the examples of social problems are drugRead MoreThe Problem Of Poverty Stricken Schools1257 Words   |  6 Pagesdefined in our book as â€Å"the process through which academic, social and cultural ideas and tools, both general and specific, are developed† (Conley 497). In America children and young adults get an education through schools, either public or private. The focus of this paper will be on the public school system, but mainly the lower class public schools. Many problems with schools can be traced back to social concepts such as s ocial values and norms. The hidden curriculum being taught in schools plays aRead MoreSocial Problems Of A Social Problem Essay1458 Words   |  6 Pages Social Problem a) What is a Social Problem? †¢ My understanding of a social problem is that a substantial group of individuals consider an issue to be problematic and that the matter in question does not reconcile itself between the good of the group and what has been done for society. Although the issue can be advantageous for some members of a culture or community, it can be detrimental to others and therefore must be examined. b) What are some social problems that currently exist in societyRead MoreThe Growth and Formation of Individual Ethics1195 Words   |  5 Pagesbelief development and share many common experiences. Social interactions over a lifetime of associations in many diverse communal environments formulate the basis of the individual morals, norms, and beliefs. The closer the relationship the more likely it is to have a lasting effect on a person’s beliefs and morals. In the modern increasingly mobile workforce this makes the possibility of a group of employees with identical morals, norms, and beliefs remote. This causes management to be moreRead MoreWhy do people comply to social rules and expectation.1570 Words   |  7 PagesWhy Do People Comply With Social Rules and Expectation? Rules are statement on what can, should or must be done in particular circumstances. They govern our daily life whether we are aware of them or not. Rules are divided into two, direct rules(written formal rules) such as laws regarding manslaughter or incest and indirect rules(unwritten informal rules) such as norms, values and traditions of a particular society. Social expectation serves as a powerful tool to reinforce common beliefs and hopesRead MoreThe Problem Of A Social Problem Essay1450 Words   |  6 Pages†¢ My understanding of a social problem is that a substantial group of individuals consider an issue to be problematic and that the matter in question does not reconcile itself between the good of the group and what has been done for society. Although the issue can be advantageous for some members of a culture or community, it can be detrimental to others and therefore must be examined. b) What are some social problems that currently exist in society? †¢ Problems that occur recycle themselves overRead MoreSocial Process Theory Essay1049 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Process Theory Social Process and Crime In the social process theory, three areas are covered. The three are social learning theory, social control theory, and social reaction theory. The definition of the social learning theory is People learn through observing others’ behavior, attitudes, and outcomes of those behaviors. â€Å"Most human behavior is learned observationally through modeling: from observing others, one forms an idea of how new behaviors are performed, and on laterRead MoreChimpanzees Exhibit Culture Through Social Interaction1167 Words   |  5 PagesThe concept of culture to many individuals may be perceived as a combination of language, beliefs, norms, values and customs shared amongst individuals; passed along generations to be carried out within a society. In a society, individuals make up social groupings that form ideas, behaviors and materials objects that encompass what they define as culture. Culture is not only essential for survival, but for growth and communication; through interaction, observation and imitation our behavioral patternsRead MoreSociological Concepts848 Words   |  4 Pagesas the study of social interactions a nd society. This paper will examine sociological concepts and examples of how they apply in everyday life. Many people experience social problems on a personal level. For instance, this could be poverty, unemployment, poor health, alcohol abuse, family problems or committing crimes. When people hear about these individuals most of the time, they tend to think that it’s not their problems. They tend to blame these individuals for causing problems, and they believe

The Effects of Cultural Assimilation Conformity vs. Unorthodoxdy Free Essays

string(107) " the pressures of cultural assimilation are much more developed in today’s society than in the past\." The Effects of Cultural Assimilation: Conformity vs. Unorthodoxdy â€Å"Cultural assimilation is a complex and multifaceted process that first involves immigrants learning the language, cultural norms, and role expectations of the absorbing society, and further changes in attitudes†, or so it is explained by Dejun Su, Chad Richardson, and Guang-zhen Wang, in their article, â€Å"Assessing Cultural Assimilation of Mexican Americans: How Rapidly Do Their Gender-Role Attitudes Converge to the U. S. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Cultural Assimilation: Conformity vs. Unorthodoxdy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Mainstream? † (764). Throughout history and also present day society, cultural assimilation is easy to be identified, thanks to the â€Å"melting pot† quality of North America. Also, cultural assimilation is questioned about the effects it has on various groups of immigrants. Effects, such as the loss of one’s identity, the struggle to attain success in the new country, the loss of one’s heritage and unique background, conflict between family and friends and stereotypical discrimination in society, are demonstrated in varying degrees by the past and present generations of immigrants from the countries of Mexico, Japan and the Middle East. Throughout history, Mexican immigrants have continuously crossed the boarder into America for the chance of a new life. However, coming to a new country inevitably has it’s consequences, and the pressures of assimilation are always present. During a time of great immigration of European citizens into the United States, Mexican immigrants were not so much of a concern throughout the whole country. Katherine Benton-Cohen supports this idea in her article â€Å"Other Immigrants: Mexicans and the Dillingham Commission of 1907-1911†, by explaining that, â€Å"Unlike Japanese immigration in California—which had set international diplomatic maneuvers in motion, in this period ‘American officials generally viewed Mexican immigration as a local labor issue,’ not a national or international policy question† (39). As a result, the Mexican immigrants were not so quick as to forget their culture, but as long as they were willing to work for small wages, this resistance did not bother American’s. Benton-Cohen also points out that â€Å"While the Mexicans are not easily assimilated, this is not of very great importance as long as most of them return to their native land after a short time†(Benton-Cohen, 38). This resulted in the effects that the Mexican immigrants were unable to attain higher wages, or to gain success in America. However, new effects came into account as time went on, and more Mexicans continuously moved to America. Compared to past Mexican immigrant challenges, present day effects have drastically changed. As the population of Mexican immigrants has grown overtime, so has the attention and concern towards their living and adaptation to a new country. It is believed that in the article â€Å"The Kids are (Mostly) Alright: Second-Generation Assimilation† written by Richard Alba, Philip Kasinitz and Mary C. Waters, that â€Å"In general, the second generation is doing much better than its parents in educational attainment and is less concentrated in immigrant jobs† (763). However, this does not justify the fact that the pressures of cultural assimilation are much more developed in today’s society than in the past. You read "The Effects of Cultural Assimilation: Conformity vs. Unorthodoxdy" in category "Papers" Alba then goes on to point out that â€Å"The overwhelming majority of the second generation is completely fluent in English†¦ Yet most of its members have not reached parity with native whites, and many experience racial discrimination† (Alba, 763). This statement goes to show that the newer society of Mexican Immigrants find that resisting cultural assimilation, is a greater risk than when the older generations came to find meager jobs. Another example of the effects the newer generation must face, would be the struggle to be successful in school. In the article, â€Å"Immigrant Families and Children (Re)Develop Identities in a New Context†, the author, Mariana Souto-Manning, talk about a young Hispanic boy she had in class, and the effects of his mother’s attempt for cultural assimilation had on him. When Souto-Manning meets to discusses the boy, his mother confesses, â€Å"I decided to give him an American name†¦ so that no one would know he is Mexican. So that he would have a better chance to be successful in school than his brothers† (402). Based on experience, she thought that by changing the boys name from Idelbrando to the American name Tommy, she could save him from the â€Å"cultural stereotypes that might hinder his schooling experience† (Souto-Manning, 402). However, she also left him vulnerable to the effects of cultural assimilation that are the loss of one’s identity, and the loss of one’s heritage and unique background. Idelbrando is not the only Mexican immigrant who has been effected in this way. In fact, it is common for many Mexican immigrants to change their name, but it doesn’t stop there. If the belief that cultural assimilation makes it easier for Mexican immigrants to become successful, then the immigrants would need to change much more than their name’s; going as far as to cast their own culture to the side and fully assimilate to the American culture. Another example of complete cultural assimilation and it’s consequences, would be in Joy Kogawa’s Novel Obasan. In this novel, the main character, Naomi, and her Japanese family are faced with the discrimination and cruel treatment of Japanese-Canadians that was practiced in Canada at the time of World Was II. Still, throughout all the hardship and pressures of conformity she was faced to go through, Naomi managed to keep much of her Japanese roots that were apart of her since birth. At one point in the novel, Naomi points out the differences in her and her brother’s lunches and describes,â€Å"My lunch that Obasan made is two moist and sticky rice balls with a salty red plum in the center of each, a boiled egg to the side with a tight square of lightly boiled greens† (182). In this description, it is evident that Naomi remains accustomed to her Japanese upbringing. On the other hand, Naomi explains that â€Å"Stephen has peanut-butter sandwiches, an apple, and a thermos of soup† (Kogawa, 182). Therefore emphasizing that, unlike Naomi, her brother Stephen does not hold strong to his Japanese culture, and falls to the pressures of cultural assimilation. Naomi then goes on to explain how â€Å"She [Obasan] mends and re-mends his [Stephen] old socks and shirt which he never wears and sets the table with food, which he often does not eat. Sometimes he leaps up in the middle of nothing at all and goes off†¦ â€Å" (Kogawa, 259). Sadly, Naomi’s explanation suggests that Stephen has gone as far as to shun anything to do with his Japanese Culture. Another example of Stephen’s reluctance, is when Naomi asks Stephen what there Aunt Emily is like, and he replies, â€Å"She’s not like them† while â€Å"jerking his thumb at Uncle and Obasan† ( Kogawa, 259). Additionally, this behavior is an example of how cultural assimilation can effect the bonds of family and friends, and cause conflict between them. While the percentage of Japanese immigrants traveling to North America is ot as prominent as in the past, the Japanese culture is still ever present throughout society. As well, after World War II, Japanese immigrants seemed less of a threat, and their cultural differences slowly became more acceptable among society. However, the pressures of cultural assimilation are not completely eliminated for this culture. People of Japanese heritage living in North America, today, still feel th e pressures of cultural assimilation, but mostly in the effect of stereotyping. For instance, in the article â€Å"Japanese International Female Students’ Experience of Discrimination, Prejudice, and Stereotypes† by authors Claude Bonazzo and Y. Joel Wong, it is acknowledged that â€Å"Portrayals of Japanese culture and the Japanese in recent Hollywood movies such as The Last Samurai, Lost in Translation, and Memoirs of a Geisha might play a role in shaping Americans’ perceptions and stereotypes of Japanese international students† (paragraph 5). In otherwords, they believe that Americans may get the wrong impression of the Japanese culture, which create false myths and unrealistic stereotypes for people of Japanese culture. Bonazzo then goes to explain how â€Å"Another common stereotype that Asians living in the United States encounter is the racialization of their ethnicity†¦ Americans have the tendency to lump Asians of different ethnic groups into one homogenous racial category by downplaying ethnic differences† (Bonazzo, paragraph 16). Thus proving, that although the pressure to assimilate to the North American culture is not as strong, Japanese immigrants are now pressured with living up to false stereotypes that the consequences of over-assuming can create. Before September 11th, conflict between the cultures of Americans and Middle Eastern immigrants, mostly were the result of their clashing religious practices. While America is a country of religious freedom, the most common religion here was, and is Christianity. Likewise, the common religion practiced in the Middle East is Islam. However, although it is legally acceptable for Muslim immigrants to practice their religion in America, there was still controversy as to the acceptability among Christian Americans. For instance, in the article â€Å"Islam in America†, written by authors Ghosh, Abel, Lieblich, Scherer, Newton-Small, Dias, Steinmetz and Ford, a Christian preacher, Reverend Wayne Devrou, claims that â€Å"The political objective of Islam is to dominate the world with its teachings†¦ and to have domination of all other religions militarily† (paragraph 4). This idea, however, is not true, because it is often the case that Americans misunderstand the religion of Islam, and in some cases, it is the Christian extremists who try to push their religion onto the Middle Eastern immigrants. Gosh then goes on to explain how, â€Å"To be a Muslim in America now is to endure slings and arrows against your faith–not just in the schoolyard and the office but also outside your place of worship and in the public square, where some of the country’s most powerful mainstream religious and political leaders unthinkingly (or worse, deliberately) conflate Islam with terrorism and savagery† (Ghosh, paragraph 12). This explanation illustrates the effects of Middle Eastern immigrants not assimilating, and the conflict is causes between the two cultures. Then on September 11th, 2001, the cause of conflict between Middle Eastern immigrants and Americans drastically changed. When a group of terrorist of Middle Eastern ethnicity, were responsible for the death of thousands and the devastation of the whole country of the United States, an idea called Islamophobia settled into the minds of many American’s. In his article, â€Å"Confronting Islamophobia in the United States: framing civil rights activism among Middle Eastern Americans†, Erik Love states that â€Å"Islamophobia’ is a problematic neologism, and the one that is currently the most common term used to refer to bigotry, discrimination, policies and practices directed towards Islam and a racialized group of people that includes Muslims†, which verifies that after 9/11 the discrimination of Islam is not the main focus of terrified Americans (402). Americans instead focus on the distinction of appearance that is particular to the Middle East race. Love also argues that, â€Å"Islamophobia, in short, affects a racialized group of people- Middle Eastern Americans- /that, like any racialized group, is in fact comprised of an irreducibly diverse collection of individuals who identify with many different ethnicities, nationalities and religions† which in other words means that not all Middle Eastern immigrants are a terrorist or a threat in anyway to the United States (Love, 402). In fact, when first noticing the presence of a person of a Middle Eastern race, for some Americans, the word Muslim no longer automatically comes to mind. Terrorist is the word that is now associated with this race, and because it all is based on the appearance of the race, no amount of cultural assimilation can extinguish this effect of stereotypical discrimination still present today. Furthermore, because the effects of cultural assimilation depend on the circumstance, the time period, the culture and the person, each output is different as to whether keeping a strong hold on to one’s unique culture when pressured by a new environment is the right thing to do. Also, as time progresses, so does the idea that complete cultural assimilation is not necessary for immigrants to survive in a new country; and more people are becoming proud of their cultural background. In fact, on the website, Thinkexist. com a quote by Donna Taylor can be found to support the idea that our country is â€Å"†¦ no longer a melting pot where assimilation is the goal, but a great mosaic where each culture adds its uniqueness to make the whole better† (Donna Taylor Quotes). Finally, although Cultural Assimilation is still present today, there is less pressure to conform to one’s surrounding, and overall, there is a more open-minded feeling towards the blends and coincidence of different cultures. How to cite The Effects of Cultural Assimilation: Conformity vs. Unorthodoxdy, Papers

The Day of Impending Doom School Again Essay Example For Students

The Day of Impending Doom: School Again Essay You wake up lazily during late morning with a smile on your face thinking, Thank God its summer! then the smile slowly fades. You throw the covers up over your head and your thoughts turn to the fact that today is the last chance you have of enjoying yourself. Today is the last day of summer its Labour Day and tomorrow is school. Labour Day signifies more than the day your supposed to stop wearing white after it is a legal holiday in Canada and the United States created by our governments. It takes place on the first Monday in September and it pays homage to labour. It also signifies the end of summer, and, to the dismay of students and relief of parents everywhere, the start of the school year. Forget about going out with friends, watching the trees grow or staying up to watch the late night movie; you have to throw in a wash, get your school supplies ready, plan what you are going to wear, and get to bed early. The life of freedom you have known for the last two months is about to end. We will write a custom essay on The Day of Impending Doom: School Again specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now But while you are madly dashing about your parents are sitting back enjoying their day off and dreaming about the days ahead. No more, Daddy, Im bored!, Daddy, Suzies picking on me!; Daddy, would it be possible to `borrow a couple of bucks? From now on they can enjoy their days off in silence and do as they please in peace. While you are trying to fall asleep at such an early hour, you start to think, Hey, maybe going back to school isnt so bad after all. I am glad it is Labour Day already. I long to see everybody, and actually I kind of miss it. At least the homework gives you something to do. Then, with a smile on your face, you slowly drift off and Labour Day is over. The next day at school, however, you realize that your thoughts last night were absolutely absurd and you again long for summer and dread labour Day, the yearly reminder of the day of impending doom.

Research Paper Example

Research Paper Example Students are facing loads of problems in finding research paper examples nowadays.   With the rising load of homework and from time to time, amateur jobs, the learners cannot probably write example research papers themselves.   Some students do not have ability and some do not have the time to write these research paper examples all by themselves. They do not recognize in what way to write, and what points to actually put into writing the research paper. Many students try looking for free research paper examples online.   They sometimes copy these from books or websites, and they are charged for plagiarism.   Therefore, the following points are definitely going to help students looking for research paper examples, example research papers, research paper outline examples, download research paper, and free research paper examples. The following points will help you to differentiate real and fraud companies: 1. If the company is making too many promises, there is a good possibility that the company is forged.   Swindle research paper companies generally make many promises, the reason being that they do not fulfill them afterwards and no one can claim against them. 2. If the company is offering too much, or if it is making too many proposals, and is trying giving you false hopes, there are chances for the research paper writing company to be a fraud one, which is offering you too much for your research paper examples. 3. The company may be deception because many fraud companies assure to do incredibly large online research paper examples in a very short time, and no doubt get a lot of money in return. 4. If the company is not very willing to provide its phone number, address, or other contact information that can be used to trace it, it might be a fake company offering you research paper examples for a wee sum. 5. Fraud companies over the world have robbed more than millions of students, and they make sure that they cannot be tracked. A company reluctant to provide full information to its customer about its location has a good 80 % chance of being a fraud company. 6. If the company staff and employs directly talk to you, it means they are not afraid to disclose the true identity of company and employees.   If it does not, the company may be fraud.   Fraudulent companies normally are run by a few people, and mostly do not have a large number of employees.   Furthermore, if they do not talk to you directly, it means that they are trying to hide their identity. Many online research paper example providing companies are present online, but many of them can be hoax, fraud companies and you definitely dont want to be caught in their traps, and lose your money, your time, and even your reputation.   Neither does us.   That is why we provide you with all possible research paper example help, and give you the best research paper examples possible.   This is why we can easily guarantee that you will get good grades in class and will definitely impress your teacher or instructor.   Our custom research paper writing is of the finest quality and absolutely non-plagiarized. For more information on how to save you from these fake companies, you can contact us.   For any kind of information or online help about research paper examples, you can easily log on to our website and contact us for research paper help and further research writing assistance at CustomWritings.com.

Problem and Solution Essay

Problem and Solution Essay Problem and Solution Essay Problem and Solution Essay Problem and solution essay should include an analysis of the problem and offer effective and relevant solutions to the identified problems or areas of concern.   Thus, in addition to excellent writing skills, you need to have profound analytical and creative skills.   If you need help with starting or writing your problem and solution essay, do not hesitate to request individualized writing assistance at .com. Our team of writers is online 24/7 and, therefore, your essay will be written from scratch within a very short period of time.   We deliver only original, customized essays written from scratch and free of plagiarism! By the way, our writing blog is absolutely free. Problem and Solution Essay Sample The importance of this phase of the inquiry is attested by the fact that, according to official statistics, a large percentage of persons arrested for crime, who are entitled, therefore, to be produced before a magistrate, are released without being charged. Studies of large samples of arrests in different jurisdictions have indicated that somewhere between 44 and 48 per cent of those arrested have been released without being charged before a magistrate. It is clear that many persons accused and detained should not have been placed under arrest. In order to avoid illegal arrest and detention, the authorities frequently hold suspects as material witnesses. Occasionally this detention is very prolonged. The prevailing practices of police and prosecution partially explain the weakened role of the preliminary and grand jury hearings; at these hearings the prosecutor merely brings out what he has been able to discover in secret process. Police and prosecution practices also account largely for the very high proportion of criminal cases that are settled on pleas of guilty to a lesser charge; the prosecutor has usually secured such pleas through interrogations conducted by his office with the aid of the police. Abuses that sometimes occur have prompted a number of authorities to recommend that a system of judicial inquisition similar to that employed on the Continent should be adopted here, thus ensuring the establishment of rules and protections to guide the processes of interrogation and charge. Thus the original inquiry into guilt might become primarily a function of the magistrate, guided by established principles of justice and humanity to the suspect. Failing this, it has been prop osed that a recording of the police interrogation, with or without a filming of the process, should be required as evidence that the procedure has been fair and without coercion. Usually these suggestions have met with intense opposition both from police and prosecutor's offices. It may well be argued that the police require greater freedom of some sorts in making arrests and in securing evidence than the law provides and that the prosecution should be allowed more time to interrogate and to gather evidence. The fundamental fact is, however, that under a system that strives toward justice under law, policy and practice should be guided firmly by the law and not by expedience or by the erratic whims of administrative conscience. It has been recommended that state laws should be changed to permit the police to detain any suspect for a period of two hours without being required to show cause and to frisk where there may be no basis for arrest. Problem and Solution Essay Custom Writing Are you ready to spend hours reading and writing your problem and solution essay?   If yes, good luck in your writing!   We offer a better solution - customized essay writing service. With our help, you get a custom essay written from scratch. Placing an order at our site, you receive original and plagiarism free problem and solution essay written especially for you!

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 41

History - Essay Example the said countries, thereby proving how free trade can surely lead to an increase in wealth and competitiveness; with families, farmers, workers, manufacturers reaping real benefits accrued from this free trade. NAFTA developed to eliminate the trade tariffs in the three countries and was anticipated to increase the United States imports to Mexico dramatically being that lower tariffs had been introduced. It has helped boost inter-regional trade between the three countries though has not succeeded in generating of jobs and the deeper regional economic development as earlier planned. Clintons on the other hand underwent various scandals when in office including the whitewater scandal, cattle futures gate, travel gate, Gennifer flowers gate, file gate, Vince foster gate, among others. In this discussion we shall focus on these scandals and their effect to America together with NAFTA and its effects to America as well. We find Clinton having a hand in both scandals and NAFTA. The variou s similarities and differences in the two will also be examined and thereby come out clearly as we read on. NAFTA has been able to broaden trade relations with the United States manufacturers creating supply chains across North America thereby making companies more globally competitive. Experts however disagree with the idea that the economic growth experienced in the United States, Mexico and Canada, the higher wages and increased trade with each other is entirely attributed to NAFTA, given the economic forces present. They believe that liberalization of trade would still have been made possible without NAFIA in the picture. It was supplemented by the North American Agreement on environmental co-operation and the North American agreement on labor co operation in order to prevent businesses from relocating to take advantage of lower wages, more lenient laws about the health and safety of workers, together with the less strict laws on the environment. The NAFTA agreement contained

Economics in nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Economics in nursing - Essay Example actice reveals that consensus is yet to be arrived for introducing uniform working standard for nurses in the US, which adversely affects nursing practice. According to the American Association of Colleges of Nursing [AACN], â€Å"nursing education and the profession have an unparalleled opportunity and capability to address the clinical issues that face the nation’s current health care system.† (American association of colleges of nursing, 2007). However, there is prolonged resentment among nurse graduates for not recognizing their worth in medical delivery system and disparity in their educational standards, which is worth analyzing. Initial professional education of nurses in the United States was given in hospital schools and the system was established in the early 1870 that continued as late as 1945 with 99 percent of registered nurses (RNs) enrolling under this system. Young women aspiring to become nurses lived within the hospital, with an apprenticeship, â€Å"for a period ranging from six months to three years and learned how to nurse by practicing required skills on the institution’s patients.† (Ly naugh, 2006, p.4). The â€Å"Armstrong Bill† [eventually known as Nurse Practice Act] passed by the New York State Assembly on April 20, 1903, with the effort New York State Nurses’ Association and Rochester’s leading nurses, that gave certified nurses the title â€Å"Registered Nurses (RNs),† is an important milestone in the professionalization of nursing. (The Nursing Practice Act - the Armstrong act of 1903, n.d.) Advances in medical care, longer life expectancy, and baby boom after World War II â€Å"dramatically changed health care needs of the US population† that prompted changes in nursing practice, which in turn necessitated transformation of nursing curriculum and training needs. Major transformations in the US nursing education system took place after World War II, as ‘during the late 1940s and 1950s federal and state governments passed

Impact Of Performance Management On Organizational Success Commerce Essay

Impact Of Performance Management On Organizational Success Commerce Essay The concept of Performance Management is an important HRM process that provides the basis for improving and developing performance and is the part of the reward system in its most general sense. Performance management is a systematic process for improving organizational performance by developing the performance of individuals and teams. It is a means of getting better results by understanding and managing performance within an agreed framework of planned goals, standards and competency requirements. Performance management is: A process for establishing a shared understanding about what is to be achieved and how it is to be achieved, and an approach to managing people that increases the probability of achieving success. (Weiss and Hartle, 1997) Performance management can be defined as a strategic and integrated approach to delivering sustained success to organizations by improving the performance of the people who work in them and by developing the capabilities of teams and individual contributors. (Armstrong and Baron, 1998) Performance management is all about improvement-synchronizing improvement to create value for and from customers with the result of economic value creation to stockholders and owners. The scope of performance management is obviously very broad because performance management must be viewed at an enterprise wide level. Organizations work more effectively when the goals and objectives of the organization, those of the smaller work units and the job responsibilities of each employee are all linked. When people in the organization understand how their work contributes to the success of the company, morale and productivity usually improve. The aim of all the parts of the company is the key to making these links clear to everyone. (Robert Bacal, 1999) Performance management has three distinct components defined by Banks and May, 1999 that are following: The first component consists of the definition of performance which includes organizational objectives and strategies, the second component is the actual measurement process itself and the third component is the communication between supervisor and subordinate about the extent to which individual behaviour fits with organizational expectations. Many of the components of performance management have been recommended for years as valuable to performance assessment. The importance of performance management is that the process combines most of these suggestions and adds the overlay of the strategic importance of various performance areas. (Frank Conte, 2009) RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND OBJECTIVES The objectives of a research project summarise what is to be achieved by the study. Objectives should be closely related to the statement of the problem. Properly formulated, specific objectives will facilitate the development of the research methodology and will help to orient the collection, analysis and utilisation of data. For example, realizing the two keywords performance management and organization success, it is important for this research study to have a particular organization that will focus in determining impact of performance management on McDonalds success. The research objectives are the goals to be achieved through the research. The Research should always be based on pre-decided questions. These questions help to focus on the research objectives. The first step in any research is defining the problems to be studied and the questions to be asked. (Campbell et al, 1982) A good research question defines the focus of your research project. It helps readers to know the specific subject matter you will be addressing. It can set boundaries to help you figure out where to go next and defines which data you need to collect and which methods you will use to access and analyse your documents (Hung Popp, 2009). Research question needs to be answerable by the kind of study researcher could actually conduct. The researcher doesnt want to pose a question that no feasible study could answer, either because the data that might answer them could not be obtained. (Maxwell, 2005) In the research the following questions will be answered: What is Performance Management? How is it achieved within McDonalds? What is meant by organizational success? How is success affected by the impact of performance management? What are the positive and negative impacts of performance management on an Organization? LITERATURE REVIEW Literature reviews or searches are essential steps in any research project. They often focus on articles in academic journals although textbooks may also be consulted. Performance management is a term, which is widely used in organizations and in particular by human resource professionals. A generic definition is that it is about applying processes, techniques and systems which maintain and improve individuals performance whilst simultaneously aiming to improve the performance of the organization. ( Hale Whitlam, 2000) From the HR field Armstrong and Baron highlight the importance of performance management being strategic, integrated (vertical, functional, HR integration and integration of individual needs), concerned with performance improvement and development. The principle of setting goals for individuals which are linked to organizational goals has a long history, evolving from merit rating to management-by-objectives (MBO- first coined by Peter Drucker in 1955), through Lockes Goal setting Theory of 1968 (Greenberg Baron, 2000) and finally to performance management, which became a recognised process in the 1980s (Armstrong Baron, 2002). Philpott and Sheppard (1992): The fundamental goal of performance management is to establish a culture in which individuals and groups take responsibility for the continuous improvement of business processes and for their own skills and contributions. As stated by Hartle (1995), Performance management should be integrated into the way the performance of the business is managed and it should link with the other key processes such as business strategy, employee development and total quality management. Performance staff members are at all times faced with the test of building agreement as to which workloads are supposed to be treated the best, and categorizing which workloads should be acceptable to experience a constrained setting. Once agreement is attained, the essential tools and measurements have got to be in place to decide if the prioritized workloads are meeting definite goals. Literature reviews of various academic journals and text books written by different authors are very helpful in conducting the research and supporting the research findings with the opinion and point of views of different authors. Performance management of employees is an important element of HR processes in the successful organizations (Burnes 2004). Performance management is a concept which emphasize on the continuous improvement on employees performance which has a good impact on the productivity of the organization in the long run. Effective performance management of employees is very helpful in order to achieve the strategic business objectives (Caldwell 2002). HR managers of successful organizations consider the implementation of performance management process essential for the business growth and development. It also helps the employees to improve and develop their own skills (Chen 2003). Most of the employees working in the organizations want to grow in their field; the supervisors during the performance management process can guide their subordinates which is helpful for them to overcome their professional weaknesses and improve their skill essential for their professional growth (Cherry 1993). The process suggests a complete career growth plan for the individuals by enhancing their performance in a professional business environment. However, it is important that performance management process should be implemented in a way that it should also improves the overall performance of the business by using different business processes like total quality management. PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT A BRIEF OVERVIEW Performance Management is a method for creating a collective understanding regarding what is to be accomplished and how it is to be accomplished. It is an approach to supervising people that raise the likelihood of reaching success. The performance management process helps the managers and supervisors to provide feedback to the employees regarding their current performance at job and expected level of performance (Covey 1991). It provides clear direction to the employees about management expectations regarding their performance. The compensation and rewarding system is also established based on the performance of the employees over the period of time. It also assists the organizational leadership to identify the training needs of the organization and resolve the performance related issues. It provides opportunity to the managers to set the performance expectations and keep proper tracking of the employees performance (Doorewaard and Benschop 2003). The supervisors and managers can me asure the performance outcomes by comparing it with the performance expectation and performance appraisal can be done on the basis of this exercise. However, it is important that management should adopt the performance management practices that are consistent with the business operation requirements and objectives of the organization (Drumm 1999). An effective performance management process starts with defining the performance objectives which includes tasks and results which needs to be accomplished. It is important for the management to communicate the objectives to the employees in order to get the desired results (Francis 2003). Planning is also an important part of the performance management process. Planning includes making clear to the employee how they assist the organization to accomplish its objectives. Work together with the employees to clarify the performance standards and make sure that there is accountability at every stage. Employees should be made to comprehend the accountabilities and expectations regarding their job. Clarify the behaviours which are required from them and why. Explain them that they are accountable for taking an active role in running and judging their performance all through the year. Effective communication methods could be adopted for this purpose because if the objectives and tasks have not been communicated to the employees, they will not be able to perform according to the expectations. Once the tasks has been communicated and employees have started putting efforts in order to achieve those tasks then continuous performance reviews are very essential to advise employees about their ongoing performance and management expectations. Feedback is considered to be the most critical step in performance management process (Gibb 2001). Give frequent informal coaching. It involves acknowledging the good work that the employee is doing and helping out the employee to perform up to the mark. Discover ways through which the employee can grow and improve, and work together to generate development plans. Rapidly communicate novel opportunities and adjustments that affect the employees job. Name clear actions that the employee can implement so that suggestions offered are co ncrete. Formulate informal observation notes (perhaps on a calendar) whenever the employee performs a good job, make and implement development plan. These observations will assist supervisor while reviewing the performance of employee and filling the performance appraisal form. The supervisor can also note down praise or complaints from consumers concerning an employees work (Hale 2000). The manager and supervisor can use all saved notes regarding the employees performance and evaluate their performance on accountabilities and behaviours. The supervisor can invite the employee for feedback with reference to how they performed throughout the year. They may perhaps remind the supervisor of particular occasions of good performance or troubles outside their control that harm their capability to do their job well. After completion of the performance appraisal forms talk to employee about ratings and remarks. The most important step in this process is to recognize and reward the employees for their good performance because it will not only motivate employees to go extra mile to meet the goals but also increases the loyalty of the employees. In the modern business worlds loyalty of internal customers has been an important concern for the HR managers because if employees dont feel ownership of the work they will never put their 100% efforts for the success of the business (Huang 2001). Therefore, it is important for the organizational leadership to recognize the employees for their efforts and compensations should be made on the basis of employees performance and efforts because if employees are compensated and rewarded on performance basis then it will create an atmosphere of healthy competition within the organization essential for individual and organizational growth (Hunt 2003). Training and development of people is also an important step in performance management process which helps to improve the skills of the employees according to the job requirements (Hyland and Verreault 2003). The value of employees and their progress all the way through training and education are key features in shaping long-term profitability of a business. If you appoint good quality employees, it is likely to spend in the development of their skills as they can enhance the productivity. Training is mostly thought to be for new employees only which is a wrong perception because continuing training for existing employees facilitates them to adjust according to the varying job and business requirements because external environment is changing on continuous basis and it is essential to develop and train the employees according to the latest system and processes in order to increase the efficiency of the business and maintain the market share (Johnson and Scholes 2002). An important step in performance management process is to link the individual objectives with the business objectives and directing the efforts of the employees towards the achievement of those objectives. Here comes the role of the immediate supervisor of an employee who can direct the employees efforts towards accomplishment of specific objective and make the employee feel that his efforts are important for the growth and success of the business (Kane and Grant 1999). At the end of the process it is important to ensure that individual efforts should be directed towards meeting the organizational goals. It needs to be determined the contributions of each team towards tasks achievement. This is also helpful in defining the future human resource policies and strategies. These approaches may help to improve organizational performance depending on if they are put into practice at length and stay alert on managerial outcomes. Some of the following, e.g., organizational learning and knowledge management, might be interpreted more as movements than organization performance strategies because there are wide interpretations of the concepts, not all of which include focusing on achieving top-level organizational results (Liao 2005). Nevertheless, if these two notions are instilled from corner to corner of the organization and focus on organizational outcomes, they can add strongly to managerial performance. On the other hand, the Balanced Scorecard, which is purposely intended to be inclusive and focused on organizational results, will not develop performance if not applied from a strong design. THEORIES OF PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT The fundamental structure of performance management is drawn from basic principles of well-established motivational and learning theories. These theories are underpinning of performance management in this research proposal. Goal theory was developed by Latham and Locke (1979) who highlights four mechanisms that connect goals to performance outcomes: They direct attention to priorities; They stimulate effort; They challenge people to bring their knowledge and skills to bear to increase their chances of success; The more challenging the goal, the more people will draw on their repertoire of skill. This theory underpins the emphasis in performance management on setting and agreeing objectives against which performance can be measured and managed. Control theory focuses attention on feedback as a means of shaping behaviour. As people receive feedback on their behaviour they appreciate the discrepancy between what they are doing and what they are expected to do and take corrective action to overcome the discrepancy. Feedback is recognized as a crucial part of performance management processes. Social cognitive theory was developed by Bandura (1986). It is based on his central concept of self-efficiency. This suggests that what people believe they can or cannot do powerfully impacts on their performance. Developing and strengthening positive self-belief in employees is therefore an important performance management objective. Clayton P. Alderfer (1972) devised ERG theory of human needs that explained three primary categories: Existence: This is akin to physiology and security needs in Maslows hierarchy of needs. It is concerned with fulfilment of basic requirements like food, shelter and clothing. Relatedness: It is related to needs like interpersonal relationships, acceptance as a member in a group/society and family relationships. Growth: This need involves people finding the opportunities to be what they are most fully and to become what they can. Expectancy theory developed by Porter and Lawler (1968) and it states that motivation will be high when people know what they have to do to get a reward, expect that they will be able to get the reward and expect that the reward will be worthwhile. So this theory leads to the performance management. Equity theory demonstrates the importance of perception in motivational behaviour of employees. The central theme of this theory is that satisfaction as a consequence of job performance is contingent upon the perception of equity. Stacy Adams (1965), who was given credit for development of this model, had brought recognition to the issue of equity in performance management. As we know literature review is the major part of the research project. So, it is necessary to know what has already been covered and the theories that have been developed to provide leads and reference points or as the basis for a grounded theory. METHODOLOGY Methodology usually refers to the general approaches to research, while method refers to techniques for gathering evidence (Gancian 1992). Therefore Methodology is a theory and analysis of how research does or should proceed (Harding 1987). Methodology is that how to apply the methods in the research. In my research, the methodology will be based on both, qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques. The qualitative research aims to generate insights into situations and behaviour so that the meaning of what is happening can be understood and it is often a useful tool to discover research questions. Quantitative research is empirical-based on the collection of factual data that is measured and quantified and in other words it is the link between cause and effect. The proposed methodology will include both primary and secondary data collection techniques. Data collection techniques will include comprehensive database research, highlighted data, surveys, supplemental intervie ws. By using the case study in research, the concept will be better understand. The analysis of this research is qualitative which is used to highlight the different patterns and make it easier to understand. In this research, the case study will be on McDonalds. The structure of research is based on literature review. (Saunders et al 2008). INTERVIEWS: Interviews are an important research method. Interviews are basically qualitative but they can become more quantitative by the use of content analysis. The advantages of interviews are that they obtain information directly from the people involved in the area that is being researched and can provide insights into attitudes and perspectives. It gives opportunity to give information of research to interviewee so he/she can give relevant information (Zikmund, 2003). The interviewer is an integral part of the investigation. (Smith, 1983) SURVEYS: Surveys obtain information from a defined population of people. They provide more powerful data than other methods by using a combination of questionnaires and interviews and possibly focus groups. (Zikmund, 2006) states that the main purpose of survey in research is to collect primary data, which is assembled specifically for the research. CASE STUDY: A case study is a description or history of an event or sequence of events in a real life setting. Case study protocol sets out the objectives of the research, how the case study will support the achievement of those objectives, including the evidence required and how the work of producing the case study will be conducted. This methodology covers sources of evidence such as interviews, observations, documents and records. The use of multiple source of evidence, each with its strengths and weaknesses, is a key characteristics of case study research.(Gillham, 2000) DATA ANALYSIS: The data collected through interviews, surveys and case studies will be continuously analysed. Doing data collection and data analysis, according to Merriam (1998) is the right way to do it in qualitative research. It is helpful, as it enables the researcher to focus and shape the study as it proceeds, through consistent reflection on the data and attention to what the data are saying (Glesne, 1999).

HBS Marriott Case

Marriott Corporation has three divisions – lodging, contract services and restaurants – with dissimilar operations. The company uses three separate hurdle rates for the three divisions to value the proposed projects. It is believed that this strategy is more appropriate that using a single firm-wide discount rate because the operations of the three divisions differ drastically. However, the company has to ensure that the company uses an appropriate discount rate for each division. Therefore, we calculate the appropriate cost of capital for Marriott as well as for each of the three divisions. A detailed analysis is presented about the appropriate calculation inputs for each of the three divisions and various assumptions, made while performing the calculations, are justified. 1) Are the four components of Marriott's financial strategy consistent with its growth objective? The first component of the strategy is to manage rather than own the hotel properties. This objective mitigates the investment needed to launch new hotels, as the general partner is not required to make significant investments. Although it may be argued that such a strategy could decrease the profit margins, the growth prospects are certainly easily achievable because of less limitation on the resources required. The second objective is an important characteristic of modern corporate finance. It believed that focusing on maximizing shareholder value should be the underlying aim of every corporation, leading to stable growth and healthy profits. With regard to the third objective, Miller and Modigliani claimed that the use of debt, in the presence of corporate taxes, could increase the value of a company through the value added by debt tax shield. In modern finance, it is commonly believed that debt can increase the value of a corporation. However, a company should be careful about high debt levels because of the distress costs associated with high debt. As stated by Marriott, a corporation should aim to optimize its debt at the most beneficial level. The repurchase of undervalued shares might not always be consistent with the growth objective. The repurchase program could make sense if the shares are believed to be highly undervalued and the company does not have more attractive investment opportunities to utilize its cash. However, the strategy could also hinder growth if the company is foregoing highly profitable investment opportunities in order to take advantage of slight under pricing in its shares. 2) How does Marriott use its estimate of its cost of capital? Does this make sense? Marriot evaluates its investment opportunities using the discounted cash flow approach, which requires an estimate of the cost of capital. Technically, the cost of capital for each investment should be commensurate with the amount of risk inherent within the investment. Thereby, if a company has ten different prospective investments, it could have ten different cost of capital estimates for the investments. However, it is impractical for companies to estimate a separate cost of capital for each investment opportunity. Usually, a company operates in a uniform line of business and has investment opportunities with similar risks. Therefore, it is normal for companies to use a single firm-wide cost of capital. However, companies with multiple divisions often use separate cost of capitals for the divisions because each division has separate operations and risks. Marriott Corporation has three separate divisions and employs three separate hurdle rates – one for each division. This treatment is consistent with theory as long as the hurdle rates adequately compensates for the risk inherent in each division’s investment and risk does not vary significantly across investments within a division. ) What is the weighted average cost of capital for Marriott Corporation as a whole? What risk-free rate and risk premium do you use to calculate the cost of equity? How do you measure Marriott's cost of debt? There is no agreed-upon measure of riskfree rate that investors could use. In fact, the available riskfree interest rate could be argued to change with changes in business cycles and economic policies. In t he US, the rate offered by US Treasury securities is often deemed riskfree because of the negligible default risk. However, there is a disagreement regarding the maturity of the treasury security that should be used as a proxy for riskfree rate. Since Marriott is seeking to optimize its debt at a long-term stable level, it is believed that the maturity of the company’s debt will be long. Therefore, the 10-year Treasury bond seems to be an appropriate measure of riskfree rate. The cost of debt is calculated by adding the specified risk premium to the selected riskfree rate. The cost of equity can be calculated using the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). The market risk premium is an important constituent of the CAPM. The market risk premium estimates the premium for the excess risk taken by market participants. Investors can earn a certain degree of return – the riskfree rate – without taking any risk. Therefore, the riskfree rate should be subtracted from the market return to calculate the market risk premium – the extra return that investors earn by taking risk. We already have an estimate of the riskfree rate that can be used for Marriott. Therefore, the market risk premium can be calculated by estimating the appropriate market return. The proxy for market return is usually a national stock index such as the S&P500 for US companies. In contrast to the Treasury bond market, where the yields provide an estimate of the future returns on the security, there is no consensus estimate on the future expected return on the stock market. Therefore, historical averages of stock returns are typically used to estimate the future expected return on the market. We use biggest available period – 1926 to 1987 – to estimate the average historical market risk premium. The information about riskfree rate and the market risk premium can be combined with equity beta of Marriott (provided in the case study) to calculate to cost of equity of the company. Once we have the respective costs of debt and equity, the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is simply their average – weighted using the target proportion of debt provided in the case study. The calculations in the attached spreadsheet show that the WACC for Marriott is 10. 39%. 4) What type of investments would you value using Marriott's cost of capital? The cost of capital estimates the riskiness of an average investment within the company. If an investment under consideration by Marriott has more risk than the average investment risk, the cost of capital would understate the risk and overstate the value of investment. On the other hand, if an investment has less risk than the average investment risk, the cost of capital would overstate the risk and understate the value of investment. Therefore, the cost of capital is only appropriate for valuing investments, which closely resemble the typical investments carried out by Marriot Corporation. If an investment has a different amount of risk than the typical investment in Marriott, the company should strive to calculate the cost of capital that is consistent with the investment in question. One way of estimating the appropriate cost of capital would be to look at the comparable companies where that particular investment would be a typical investment. For example, an investment in sports equipment could be evaluated by looking at the cost of capital used by a sports club that uses similar equipment. ) If Marriott used a single hurdle rate for evaluating projects in each of its divisions, what would happen to the company over time? Marriott has three separate divisions with dissimilar operations. The firm-wide cost of capital is probably a weighted average of the three individual costs of capital commensurate with each of the three divisions. While the firm-wide cost of capital might be a good measure of the risk of an average investment undertaken by the company, it is proba bly not a good measure of the investment risk inherent in each division’s average project. If the company continues to use a single discount rate for each of its three divisions, the project cash flows of the division with more than average risk would be overstated, while the project cash flows of division with less than average risk would be understated. Therefore, division with more than average risk would start accepting projects that would have been otherwise rejected if a more appropriate higher discount rate were used. On the other hand, the division with less than average risk would start rejecting projects that would have been accepted if a more appropriate lower discount rate were used. In short, the more risky division would accept negative NPV projects, while the less risky division would reject positive NPV projects. 6) What are the costs of capital for the lodging and restaurant divisions of Marriott? The division wise calculations of the cost of capital are shown in the attached spreadsheet. The weighted average costs of capital for the lodging and restaurant divisions are 9. 76% and 13. 32% respectively. It is important to note that the discount rates differ because certain inputs in the calculations are dissimilar. The most significant differences are in riskfree rates, asset betas, and debt proportions. a) What risk-free rate and market risk premium do you use in calculating the cost of equity capital for each division? How do you choose these numbers? There is no full consensus of which proxy for riskfree rate should be used. Nevertheless, it is generally believed that the maturity of the riskfree rate proxy should match the purpose for which the rate is utilized. It is mentioned that the lodging division has more long-term assets, while assets of restaurant division are short-term in nature. Therefore, one-year riskfree rate has been employed in the restaurant division, whereas a higher ten-year rate has been utilized in the lodging division. On the other hand, the market risk premium for both divisions is the same as the market risk premium previously used for the whole company. Although the asset betas for the divisions have been calculated using the past five years data, it is believed that a larger pool of data should be used to estimate the market risk premium because the recent volatility in the markets might distort results. ) Did you use arithmetic or geometric averages to measure rates of returns? The arithmetic mean adds the annual historical risk premiums and averages the results, while the geometric mean is equal to the compounded annual risk premium. In professional practice, both these methods of calculating average historical risk premiums are regularly employed. However, there is a major statistical difference between the two approaches. Geometric mean is a compounded average of risk premiums and is, therefore, a good predictor of the risk premium over multiple future time-periods. On the other hand, arithmetic mean is the best predictor of risk premium for the forthcoming time-period. In other words, arithmetic mean would be better at predicting the risk premium for the next year, while geometric mean would be superior at predicting the average risk premium over the next few years combined. In this case, we are calculating the risk premium for the purposes of using it in the CAPM model. The CAPM is a single period model, which estimates the cost of equity over a specified time interval. Therefore, the arithmetic mean might be a better method in this context. ) How do you measure the cost of debt for each division? Should the cost of debt differ across divisions? The rationale for using different riskfree rates for the division has already been explained in the preceding section. The case study also provides different levels of risk premiums that should be added to the riskfree rate to calculate the total cost of debt. It could be argued that the company only p ays a single cost of debt, and there is no need to calculate separate cost of debt for each division. However, each division has separate financial leverage, different sales, and a unique ability to cover its debt obligations. Therefore, each division’s debt should also be rated separately for more accurate capital budgeting. d) How do you measure the beta of each division? The betas for the divisions have been calculated using the pure play approach. Under this approach, the equity betas for companies, comparable to each division, are unlevered in accordance with the respective leverage. The resulting asset betas are then averaged to obtain an estimate of the asset beta for each division. Subsequently, the respective asset beta for each division is relevered, using the target debt ratio for the division, to obtain the equity beta. ) What is the cost of capital for Marriott's contract services division? How can you estimate its cost of equity when there are no publicly traded comparables? The beta for contract services division cannot be obtained directly because there are publicly traded comparable companies, which could have been used to employ the pure play approach. However, we do have informati on about the asset beta of the overall company as well as the asset betas for the remaining two divisions. Theoretically, the overall asset beta for Marriott should be a weighted average of the individual asset betas for the three divisions. The weights can be calculated using the information about identifiable assets in each division. Thereby, the only unknown in the equation is contract services division’s asset beta, which can be obtained through basic arithmetic. Subsequently, the asset beta can be levered using the target debt proportion to obtain the equity beta, which can be used is the CAPM equation to calculate the cost of equity for contract services division. The WACC for the division is simply the weighted average of its cost of equity and cost of debt. The calculations in the attached spreadsheet estimate the cost of capital to be 8. 4%. 8) Marriott also considered using the hurdle rates to determine incentive compensation. How do we link this with the Economic Value Added (EVA) approach? The objective of any company’s management should be to maximize the shareholder wealth. Shareholder wealth increases when a company consistently produces positive economic value. In this context, economic valu e added is measured as the excess operating profits over the dollar cost of capital. In mathematical terms, economic value added equals net operating profits after tax minus the product of cost of capital and capital employed (dollar amount of WACC). The concept of economic value added is closely linked to the concept of net present value (NPV) calculated using the hurdle rates. Specifically, a positive NPV project will generate positive EVA, while a negative NPV project will generate negative EVA. Therefore, if a company only accept positive NPV projects, calculated using the appropriate hurdle rates, it will generate positive EVA on the profits generated from these projects. Therefore, a manager’s compensation could be linked to the amount of positive net present value that the manager generates through new investments.

Ritual acts in Judaism, Islam and Christianity - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 618 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/07/18 Category Religion Essay Level High school Tags: Christianity Essay Islam Essay Judaism Essay Did you like this example? Many religions have similar characteristics in which we can compare. These similar characteristics are termed family resemblances, which means that these religions have unique qualities that are similar to one another. Ritual is a trait that can show similarities amongst various religions. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Ritual acts in Judaism, Islam and Christianity" essay for you Create order Rituals are acts that help ties an individual and community to what they call their sacred. These acts can be described as either orthopraxy, orthodoxy, or the rite of passage. Orthopraxy emphasizes correct practices and orthodoxy is emphasizes correct beliefs within religion. The rite of passage is when one or an entity transitions from one stage to another. All of these acts help define what makes up a religion. Rituals play a great role when it comes to the three religions: Judaism, Islam, and Christianity. Judaism is a religion that has various rituals that help ties their community with their sacred. Judaism is an Abrahamic religion in which the Torah is its text that withholds their foundation. One ritual that they have is being kosher, which are dietary laws. One of the dietary laws is that they must not eat pork because pigs have hooves and represent uncleanliness. It is also a Jewish law to not mix meat and dairy. This is because meat represents a physical body that leads up to death and milk is seen as a life-giving entity because it comes from mothers. This law is to separate what leads to death from what can lead to life. Another ritual is the Jewish celebration, Bar Mitzvah. This celebration is the becoming or rite of passage into adulthood for a boy. The boy becomes a full member of Judaism and is able to interpret the Torah. These are two ritual acts that are important to the Jewish culture and the Islam religion also has ritual acts that share the same importance. Islam is a Muslim religion that represents their faith with ties to their sacred, Muhammad. Muhammad is the Prophet of Allah and is who they worship. Islam rituals is also known as the Five Pillars of Islam. One pillar represents the statement of faith, which is that there is no other God, but Muhammad and he is the prophet. The second pillar is prayer or Salat, praying five times a day. The third pillar is almsgiving, and this is when they must pay 2.5% of their personal wealth to help benefit the poor. The fourth pillar is the fast of Ramadan, where they must not eat nor drink during daylight hours. The last pillar is the Hajj or pilgrimage to Mecca. These are all acts that the Muslim religion must commit too for their practices and beliefs. These practices and beliefs share significant value to that of the Christian rituals. Christianity is a religion that is based on the teachings of Jesus, and its practices and beliefs. The main ritual act in Christianity is the belief in the Holy Trinity. The Holy Trinity is defined as there being one God, but he portrays three persons. These three persons are God the Father, Jesus Christ, and the Holy Spirit. They also have the belief that Jesus died and resurrected. It is important that they believe in this because they also have the belief that he will come again for Judgement Day, salvation. These are major ritual beliefs in Christianity and share the same value of the rituals expressed in both Islamic and Jewish religions. Rituals help set the foundation in Judaism, Islam, and Christianity. The beliefs and practices within all of these religions show distinct family resemblances because they all help tie each community to their sacred. This helps to show that ritual acts in Judaism, Islam and Christianity has a significance to each religion.