Advance Directives

What are advance directives? Advance directives are extremely important. It is essential that everyone make some sort of arrangement before an unfortunate situation happens to them where these decisions will need to be made. An advance directive is basically a living will or a written statement in which people state the type and amount of care they wish to receive during a terminal illness and as death approaches.Medical Law and Ethics stated that â€Å"Advance directives limit the type and amount of medical care and treatment that patients will receive if they should become incompetent and have a poor prognosis. It is important that directives are placed in writing; it is not sufficient for a person to just tell someone what his or her wishes for treatment are. The courts typically enforce written advance directives. † (pg 313) There are four types of advance directives.They are a living will, durable power of attorney for healthcare, uniform anatomical gift act, and a do not resuscitate order. The living will is a â€Å"document that a person drafts before becoming incompetent or unable to make healthcare decisions. † The durable power of attorney for healthcare is â€Å"A legal document that empowers another person (proxy) to make healthcare decisions for healthcare for an incompetent patient.It goes into effect after the person becomes incompetent and only pertains to healthcare decisions. † The uniform anatomical gift act is a â€Å"law that allows persons 18 years or older and of sound mind to make a gift of any part of their body for purposes of medical research or transplantation. † The do not resuscitate order is â€Å"an order placed into a person’s medical chart or medical record. It indicates that the person does not wish to be resuscitated if breathing stops. † (pg 103)

Discounting & Augmentation Principle

We use attribution in a regular basis, whenever we are asked to give the cause of a behavior or decision we make us of attribution. Attribution refers to the act of assigning or attributing a certain cause to an achievement or accomplishment (Feick & Rhodewalt, 1997). Such that when we are asked to comment on how we were able to ace the exam, we might attribute it to our personal efforts and abilities or to mere luck.The principles of discounting and augmentation refer to the manner in which we use attribution. Discounting occurs when we try to discount personal ability in favor of external factors, like when we say that the exam was easy when half of the class got a hundred percent correct score. In this example, we discount personal abilities and augment the effect of environmental factors which is the level of difficulty of the test.On the other hand, when one or two students had perfect scores in the test, then we would be quick to point out that the said students are really good in class which reflects the augmentation principle; we augment the personal abilities of the students. If someone was to comment that the exam was easy, then we would discount the argument based on the fact that only a few students had perfect scores in the test. Discounting and augmentation is said to be dependent on the circumstances in which the behavior or judgment occurs (Feick & Rhodewalt, 1997).For example, when a child fights with another child, he/she may attribute the fight to the other child’s behavior which is augmenting the personal characteristics of the other child. On the other hand, the child rarely says that the fight was brought about by environmental factors like the weather, peer pressure or the child’s own decision to fight which also reflects the discounting principle. Therefore, it would be safe to assume that discounting and augmentation occurs in tandem.

Community and Family Studies Essay

P1.1describes the contribution an individual’s experiences, values, attitudes and beliefs make to the development of goals P1.2proposes effective solutions to resource problems P6.1distinguishes those actions that enhance wellbeing P4.2presents information in written, oral and graphic form Rubric| In your answer you will be assessed on how well you:| * Demonstrated knowledge and understanding about values, attitudes, beliefs and resources develop goals| * Be able to propose solutions in order to meet primary and secondary needs in order to achieve wellbeing| * Communicate ideas and information using relevant examples| * Present a logical and cohesive response| Task Description You will be given the article, questions and marking guidelines on Tuesday in Week 8. You will then be able to go home read the article and prepare to answer the questions in class on Friday of Week 8. You will not be permitted to use any notes but need to bring the task to class so that you can answer the questions on the task sheet. It will be test conditions. Good luck for your first task. Answer in the space provided. Students Name _________________________________________ Marking Guidelines Criteria| Marks| Demonstrates extensive knowledge and understanding of values, attitudes and beliefs to the development and attainment of goalsDemonstrates an understanding of the link between primary and secondary needs and wellbeingProposes a range of suitable strategies to enhance wellbeingEffectively communicates ideas, issues and opinions in an organised, logical and coherent manner using appropriate terminology| 13-15|. Demonstrates thorough knowledge and understanding of values, attitudes and beliefs to the development and attainment of goalsOutlines the link between needs and enhanced wellbeingProposes a range of strategies to promote wellbeingCompetently communicates ideas, issues and opinions in an organised, logical and coherent manner using appropriate terminology| 10-12| Demonstrates sound knowledge and understanding of values, attitudes and beliefs to the development and/or attainment of goalsOutlines the link between needs and wellbeing and or proposes some strategiesCommunicates ideas, issues and opinions in a clear and logical way using appropriate terminology| 7-9|. Demonstrates basic knowledge of values and/ or resources and /or goalsOutlines needs or wellbeing or proposes limited strategiesCommunicates ideas and opinions in a basic form using some relevant terminology| 4-6| Demonstrates some knowledge of values or goals or resourcesRelies on personal experienceCommunicates limited ideas and opinions using limited terminology| 1-3|.

Drug Exposed Infants Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Drug Exposed Infants - Essay Example Mothers should be prevented, through education, from using drugs while pregnant. As a result of the illicit drug use, the children require intense monitoring by their pediatrician. Women who use cocaine while pregnant -- especially those who are likely to get noticed as addicts or be tested for drugs in the hospital -- tend also to drink more booze, smoke more cigarettes, and dip into a greater variety of illicit drugs than other women. Cocaine is not truly associated with any pattern of defects. Nor does it produce infantile withdrawal, like opiates. Today there is something approaching scientific consensus that cocaine increases the risk of low birth weight and perhaps premature delivery. Left unmonitored and untreated, the babies, as shown by studies have long term developmental delays. This article explains to any reader that there are serious ramifications with illicit drug ingestion during pregnancy. Moreover, it explains that the child is severely damaged and begins life at a tremendous disadvantage. It explains the mental, social, educational, physical and legal implications of this behavior on the child. It is important for doctors and their employees to learn about in utero drug use from a suspected mother because the babies need treatment. The key is to question them in a manner that is non threatening and non judgmental. The mothers will already feel guilt or fear about legal consequences. Toxicology testing alone will not provide all of the information needed. Above all, pediatricians must be able to identify babies that have been exposed to neo natal drug use. 3.) What are the ramifications if the problem is not addressed If the problem is not addressed, there will be an outbreak of drug addicted babies. Some of the defects these babies suffer remain undiscovered. The failure to teach the mothers the dangers of drug use to their babies is sure to create repeat behavior. Moreover, there is a strong likelihood of the children being exposed to physical, emotional and sexual abuse. This is a pattern that will continue to repeat itself. Forced intervention, according to the academy will not work. Mothers will not seek help for themselves or their babies if there is the threat of jail. The academy feels that the only intervention that will be effective is education. 5) What are the tangible benefits of resolving the problem The tangible benefits of course, are healthy mothers and children. The educated parents can not only help their babies, but teach them the importance of maintaining a drug free life. In short, a positive cycle is created instead of the negative one discussed in the article. There will not be an overflow in an already taxed foster care system. There will not be criminal charges, and separation of mothers and their children which is often the result of Child Protective Services Interventions, without the needed support. 4) Describe and evaluate any solutions provided in the article. The article mentioned several ways to educate mothers suspected of taking illicit drugs. The article encourages pediatric employees to take a social work approach in informing the community about the dangers of

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT - Essay Example A business is said to have competitive advantage when it is able to utilize its resources as well as competencies to generate a value-creating strategy that its competitors find difficult to copy for their business (Fitzroy and Hulbert, 2005, p. 201). Competitive advantage is the influential power of a firm that in turn convinces the potential customers to buy its products or choose its services rather than its competitors’. Hill and Jones (2009, p. 74) argued that firm can be said to have attained competitive advantage when its profitability is greater than the average profitability of all companies in the industry and this become ‘sustainable’ when the firm is able to maintain above average profitability over a number of years. Fierce competition among firms resulted in varying levels of performance as individual firms may choose to pursue different objectives and strategies to gain increased profits, sales growth, better market share, and cash flow and so on. S trategy has got significant stance in the competitive business landscape and that has become the cornerstone to achieve competitive advantage. Successful firms are those that demonstrate long-term advantage over its competitors with their ability to do its core business activities better than how its rivals do in the market. As firms are highly focusing on achieving competitive advantage, they are attempting to find the best way to position itself against its rivals by using and implementing business-level strategies. Business-level strategy is the plan of action that managers adopt certain methods and ways to effectively use company’s resources and distinctive competences to gain competitive advantage over its counterparts in the market (Hill and Jones, 2011, p.119). Michael Porter, often credited as father of modern business strategy field, has profoundly impacted modern thoughts of management and business strategies through his works ‘competitive advantage’. H e wrote that competitive advantage is at the heart of any business strategy and it is extremely important for a firm to make a choice about the types of competitive advantage if it seeks to attain competitive advantage (Porter, 2008, p. 12). Michael Porter argued that firms, no matter they operate nationally or internationally, face an issue of strategic choice in relation to generic strategy. The basic generic strategy described by Michael Porter involved competing either on the basis of low-cost strategy or product differentiation strategy. He argued that a company’s position in its concerned industry can be determined by its competitive advantage and its competitive scope (Gilles, 1996, p. 214). He suggested that each of the generic strategies involved a basically distinctive route to achieving competitive advantage and he recommended a choice for type of competitive advantage a firm may consider for the strategic target. Michael Porter illustrated the combination of compe titive advantage and competitive scope through a two-by-two strategy choice matrix as illustrated below. The above depiction of the generic strategy illustrates that cost leadership and differentiation strategies pursue competitive advantage in quite a broader range of industry areas whereas focus strategies tend to vary largely from industry to industry since it represents narrow market segments. Since there are different strategies to achieve competitive advantage and all their routes are different from each other, it is very important that a firm should take a choice among them in order to see and implement the best appropriate strategy for the firm. Michael Porter stressed

Leadership Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Leadership Philosophy - Essay Example When a leader has lost the confidence of the team, that leader must resort to the least effective ways of getting things done. Leaders that do not have the confidence of the team must cajole and discipline unwilling employees to accomplish the stated goals of the organization. This creates a toxic relationship on the team. However, if a leader is wise enough to interact with everyone in an atmosphere charged by integrity then trust is built. Trust is one of the most liberating sensations one can experience in the workplace or in our personal lives. I believe that establishing this relationship of trust is essential because my belief is that good leaders lead best by modeling correct actions and allowing their subordinates the freedom choose to follow the effective practices modeled. One of these skills an effective leader can model the strong critical thinking skills. The effective leader must be able to cast aside assumptions about established procedures so improvements can be discovered through the use of a critical eye. Good leaders are not bound by tradition. They do follow established protocols, but are able to look beyond the immediate needs of the team or organization by firmly establishing in their minds what is most important and of greatest priority at any given time. Modeling critical thinking for a leader is essential, because this is the type of skill I expect and employee to possess and to be able to deploy on an independent basis. The good thing about critical thinking skills is they can be acquired. By being in contact often with other members of the team, a good leader can use conversations to help employees evaluate their actions in a given situation that perhaps didn’t work out well due to a lack of critical thinking. These teachable moments are important if a leader is to build leadership capacity in other members of the team. Critical thinking builds on the basis of trust

Cause and effect essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cause and effect - Essay Example â€Å"Cell phone distraction causes 2,600 deaths and 330,000 injuries in the United States every year† (Britt 2005). This is because talking on a cell phone distracts the driver. Talking and driving at the same time slows down a driver’s response. "If you put a 20-year-old driver behind the wheel with a cell phone, their reaction times are the same as a 70-year-old driver who is not using a cell phone† (Britt 2005). If a reaction time is slowed, accidents and fatalities occur. Because driver X thought keeping in touch with his mom was a good idea, a person could be hurt or killed as a result or effect. Another effect of driving while talking is the annoyance. Everyone has been behind a driver on a cell phone. The light turns green and they are too busy talking to pay attention. People get frustrated at the wait. Road rage is not uncommon in today’s society. A person on the cell phone could create the effect of road rage. The causes of talking on a cell phone in the car do not make people think about the effects. Unless an individual is in an accident, most drivers believe they are the exception to the rule. The effects should be weighed more carefully by the chatty cell phone users than the cause. Britt, R.R. (2005). Drivers on cell phones kill thousands, snarl traffic. LiveScience. Accessed 26 April 2011 from

Discuss Abraham Maslow's theory (hierarchy) on motivation, Essay

Discuss Abraham Maslow's theory (hierarchy) on motivation, particularly how evident and effective it is in our day-to-day decisions, actions and (college) study patterns - Essay Example Abraham Maslow in developed the theory in 1943. This theory aimed at understanding why the needs of individuals change over time. Abraham Maslow named this theory as the needs hierarchy of employees. He developed that there is a difference between the motives and drives and every individual has nine main needs and motives to work. He developed a hierarchy of the needs and expressed them as featured in the diagram below. 1. Biological requirements: these needs include the basics like sunlight, food, water, sexual expression, rest, and oxygen. These are the basic requirements in everyone’s lives without which anyone would die. 2. Safety needs: The need for security, comfort, tranquility, freedom from fear, and threat from the environment. These needs form the next highest needs of a human being. If these needs are not met, individuals could fell inferior and helpless and unsatisfied. 3. Affiliation needs: these refer to the needs of attachments, affection, love and belonging. If these needs are not met individuals would loss confidence however if a persons needs are satisfied the individual would become a self – confident. 4. Esteem needs: These refer to the individual need for achievement, self – esteem, independence, prestige, attention and appreciation. These needs basically refer to the need for a stable life and respect from others. 5. Knowing and Understanding: It is human nature to have a need to know and understand the various things around one self. This need is based on the curiosity, experimenting, philosophizing, learning and exploring. 9. Self – actualization needs: These are the highest form of needs in an individual’s life. These refer to the need of individuals to have a clear need to know them selves completely and develop to the full potential (Maslow, 1998). Maslow argued that each of these needs required to be fulfilled in the order of the hierarchy since the needs would not be effective motivators

Struggles Over Access To Alcohol Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Struggles Over Access To Alcohol - Essay Example The struggle for gender equality and the participation of women in pub labor has continued up to date. Several pubs in Australia have both male and female patrons. Several Australian women start drinking as young adults, which has exposed them to various forms of youth violence. The presence of women in pubs is a common occurrence, which has led to increased risks associated with binge drinking and intoxication. However, the physical separation of male and female bar areas does not exist and young women drink in the company of men. Women patronizing pubs are victims of binge drinking of different types of alcohol such as spirits and beer. Adult Australian women still attend dance clubs and participate in occasional drinking. Majority of these women consume-full strength beer, which was part of the traditional drinking pattern of the Australian culture. In conclusion, Australia faced gender inequality in the provision of labor during the nineteenth century. Men and women had tradition ally predefined roles in the society. The changing economy and the world war led to a shift in the labor market in the country. Women began participating in labor activities dominated by men. This involved participating in the public space such as pub attendants. Several women became barmaids, a position previously reserved for men. The changing social responsibilities and trends demanded financial freedom among women. This trend has continued to the present time where pubs are patronized by women.

Buddhism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Buddhism - Research Paper Example This essay explores the Buddhism. The highlighting point was not to pray but to have control on one's mind. In this regard, it was more regarded as world philosophy rather than as religion. But with passing time, it obtained the character of a religion inclusive of rituals and dogmas. (Keown, p. 23 ) The life history of Gautama Buddha was full of events. The most effective institution that Lord Buddha recognized during his life span was the monastic order called Sangha into which all men were permitted to go in irrespective of their social order. The members of this monastic order, Sangha, were called as Bhikkus which meant beggars, who had to have a very tough life, without having any kind of desires. The daily needs of the Bhikkus were very limited, they get only that much which is necessary for one to survive physically. Their only belongings were an entreating bowl, loin cloth of yellow color, one walking stick, when and wherever if necessary and one pair of beach sandals for the ones who need the most. They had to maintain themselves by the alms they received but were prohibited from explicitly pleading for alms. If the alms were given willingly then they need to get accepted and if not given willingly the Bhikkus need to shift their focus onto the next address. Thus it turn ed out to be a little clergy, but which was nothing like its Hindu matching part which was not based upon social group and was tilted towards the activities of the missionary rather than focusing on the presentation and maintenance of rituals. (Smith and Novak, pp. 40-45; Keown, pp. 23 ) During the lifetime of Lord Buddha, the beginning of Buddhism from other types of devotion which made up Hinduism was more or less complete. This took the outline of non-acknowledgment of any embodied Gods or Goddesses, spirits or evil spirits and the near lack of rites and rituals, denial of the class system and the powerful disciple act of monks which consisted representation of societal service with the aim of mitigation of human pain. Another noteworthy feature was that in initial stages, all supporters of Lord Buddha were enrolled as the members of Sangha and therefore it was entirely a religion of the disciples. (Smith and Novak, pp. 40-45; Keown, pp. 25-30 ) From its beginning, Buddhism has a cknowledged royal benefaction. In the entire lifetime of Lord Buddha, Ajatashatru was the ruler of one of the most powerful kingdom of North India called Magadha where Buddhism was patronized and after few years where Lord Buddha attained Nirvana (the Salvation), the foremost religious committee of Buddhists was being held at Rajagriha, which was, at that point, the capital of Magadha, ruled by Ajatashatru. Such councils were the point to formulate and revise Buddhist religious policy which was

Modern Poetry Comparison Essay Example for Free

Modern Poetry Comparison Essay Over the past few weeks, my class and I have been studying a bank of poems, all of the same theme, they all deal with racist issues in modern life. I have chosen two of these poems to compare, these are, The Negro and Prayer of a black boy. Throughout the coursework I shall be calling Prayer of a black boy Poem A, and The Negro, poem B. Poem A uses imagery contrasting white and black cultures, lots of words and expressions in the poem underlines the wonder and amazement of the Negros natural environment, and the barrenness and unproficness of the white mans. I will be disusing these and pointing out the affects they have. Poem B is in 6 clear stanzas but uses imagery of a symbolic and/or historic kind, and so I will also explain the affects this has upon the poem, and although Poem A is written continuously, it can easily be broken into six stanzas for comparison. Also both poems are written in the first person, we know this because they say I. Due to Poem B being in six stanzas it is very quick and easy to read and understand, so I have split Poem A into six parts as well to make it easier to compare. Poem A tells us that the mans roots are very black, and that he is proud to be Black and that him and his people originated from Africa, I concluded this from the line Black as the depths of Africa. In poem B the man says he is tires of this world, he is saying a prayer, which means he is fed up of the way white people act and live and he wants out, also he says since the cock crew he wandered, this means he is worn out of looking for a better place of peace amongst the white people. Poem A explains that the man in the poem has always been used as a slave and that he has been treated like a second class citizen because of his race. Also he says Caesar told me this means that black people have been slaves for a very long time, even when Caesar was around. But he seems to be proud of what he and his race have done to get where they are now. During the second part of Poem B, the man describes a beautiful scene of where and what he wants to be, but then he thinks about what will really happen, which is that his people are slaves and workers all day then he says they are spat out of the factory in which they work. He also dreams of going back to his own country and living freely amongst his people, but he then awakes with great disappointment to se he is still stuck in a white mans world. In the third part of Poem A the man explains that he worked on ancient buildings as well as very modern buildings, which shows us a sense of time, of which he and his people have been treated with a lower standard from the white people, and over a long period of time. The man in Poem B tells us that what the so called gentleman is, he doesnt want to be, because he can see the real white people and they are not kind and generous as a real gentleman is thought to be. Also he compares his brown skin with the brown sugar bags in the street, which are from his country and makes yet again think of being at home with black people. The forth part of Poem A, tells us that he is a singer, and this shows he is proud of the situation he is currently in. We have a mention that he worked his way up from his homeland (Africa) to Georgia, where he sings ragtime for white people and they like it, and this makes him very proud to be who and what he is, a Negro. In the forth section of Poem B the Negro explains that he really wants to be back where he knows is a lot better place, which is his country, because in this country there is nothing better than his home, Africa. In section five of Poem A, he tells us that he and his race have been victims all their lives, he tells us the horrors oh what has happened in the past to him and his race. They have been treated unfairly and with no trial they are punished. Poem B section five, tells us that the man doesnt want to learn the ways and religion of the white people, he wants to know his own history and practise his own religion, the religion of the black people from his home country. He asks why he should read about things he doesnt know or understand of. The white peoples religion comes from a book, (the bible), whereas black religion is carried through time in stories and songs. The final section of Poem A is the exact same as the first stanza, he repeats how proud he is of where how hard him and his race have worked, and that he is proud of his wonderful country, his wonderful home, Africa. The final section of Poem B isnt the same as its first, in this final part, the black man explains that white people are too sad for his kind, and that his culture are in touch with there countries natural habitat and that the white people are far too industrious. The final line tells us that the white culture needs to lighten up a bit.

Musical Hair Critiquing Essay Example for Free

Musical Hair Critiquing Essay 1) What show are you critiquing? Hair 2) Give a brief summary of the story line. Claude Hooper Bukowski, an Oklahoma farm boy, heads to New York City to enter the Army and serve in the Vietnam War. In Central Park, he meets a troupe of free-spirited hippies led by George Berger, a young man who introduces him to debutante Sheila Franklin when they crash a dinner party at her home. Inevitably, Claude is sent off to recruit training in Nevada, but Berger and his band of merry pranksters follow him. Sheila flirts with an off-duty Sergeant in order to steal his uniform, which she gives to Berger. He uses it to extract Claude from the base for a last meeting with Sheila, taking his place, but while Claude is away, the unit flies out to Vietnam, taking Berger with them. The film ends with the main cast singing at Bergers grave, followed by scenes of a large anti-war protest outside the White House in Washington, DC. 3) What did you like best about this show? Hair succeeds at all levels—as lowdown fun, as affecting drama, as exhilarating spectacle and as provocative social observation. It achieves its goals by rigorously obeying the rules of classic American musical comedy: dialogue, plot, song and dance blend seamlessly to create a juggernaut of excitement. 4) What did you like least about this show? The film omits the songs The Bed, Dead End, Oh Great God of Power, I Believe in Love, Going Down, Air, My Conviction, Abie Baby, Frank Mills, and What a Piece of Work is Man from the musical. Many of the songs have been shortened, sped up, rearranged, or assigned to different characters to allow for the differences in plot. 5) Who was the hero/heroine? Claude Hooper Bukowski/ Sheila Franklin. 6) Who was the villain? The General. 7) Were you able to understand everything? If not what did you understand? A major plot difference between the film and the musical involves a mistake that leads Berger to go to Vietnam in Claudes place, where he is killed. The musical focuses on the U.S. peace movement, as well as the love relationships among the Tribe members, while the film focuses on the carefree antics of the hippies. But why not make the film ending a happy one? In that case, the movie will better reflect the aspect of American Culture Happy Ever After. 8) Did you get a chance to listen to the soundtrack? Unfortunately not. 9) What was your favorite song? Aquarius. 10) Did you think that the actors were well cast? Sure. The cast featured John Savage as Claude Hooper Bukowski, Treat Williams as George Berger and Beverly DAngelo as Sheila Franklin. Williams was nominated for New Star of the Year in a Motion Picture Male. 11) If you were to remake this show who would you cast in the title roles? Why? If I were to remake the show, I would sill choose the actor and actress as the hero and heroine. The actors are really good-looking, and they can sing and dance well. 12) What aspect of American Culture do you see in this show? Nothing ventured nothing gained. Berger is not only at the heart of the hippie Tribe but is assigned some of Claudes conflict involving whether or not to obey the draft. His death led to the large anti-war protest and featured the carefree antics of the hippies.

Socio-Cultural Factors in Banking Adverts

Socio-Cultural Factors in Banking Adverts This paper formulates a foundation using various variables to gauge advertising in ethical respect. It describes ethics as a way of formulating a certain behavior accentuating fairness in all deals regarding personal and external environments. The argument that has been raised in this research was whether ethical advertising is followed by Consumer banking institutes while advertising credit cards or not. Its effects on the consumer perception and the limitations under which the consumer perceives them are shown light upon. In the theoretical framework the factors that might influence ethical advertising are stated namely legal, social, environmental, personal/individual, situational, social, economic and consumer trend. The research was conducted in 5 banks in Lahore, through survey method. Questionnaires were floated amongst a sample size of 30 professionals related to the field of advertising in each banking institute. Once the date was collected and referred through facts from th e conducted interviews it was found out that all the above mentioned independent variable indeed did affect the dependant variable of ethical advertising. Introduction to Advertising The two basic functions of advertising are to inform and to persuade. It can be defined as a form of communication used to influence a certain target audience to purchase products, services or ideas. Advertising has diversified to being personal as well as a non personal way of approaching an audience. It has evolved into various types covering indoor and outdoor advertising. The major ways of deliverance are newspapers, magazines, television, radio, billboards or direct mail (internet). Advertising is no longer restricted to commercials promoting products or services, it has advanced to deliver public service adverting, on behalf of various institutions, programs and causes and also political advertising in the interests of parties and candidates. Advertising is a complex process which differs for various audiences from form to form conveying information to keep them indulged. However cultures and standards of living differ from person to person or country to country and so does advertising. This holds true as far as ethical aspect is concerned too, something that maybe considered ethical in one community might not be the same for another, for example advertising alcohol. Background The advertising business first discussed the need for a professional code of ethics in the years from 1900 to 1917, often called the Progressive Era. During that period individual practitioners in the Midwest formed the first national advertising organization, the Associated Advertising Clubs of America, for the explicit purpose of making the business a profession. What is the difference between unethical and ethical advertising? Unethical advertising uses falsehood to deceive the public, while ethical advertising us truth to deceive the public. Vilhjalmur Stefansson, anthropologist (1870-1962). Ethical advertising is such a vast terminology that it cannot be defined in a definite statement. One of the key issues here is that ethical is a subjective term- what is ethical to one person may not be to another. Moreover the concept of what is ethical is not fixed- for example it used to be thought ethical to advertise cigarettes but not condoms, however these days the position has completely reversed. In actuality ethical is not an absolute term and the word ethics, strictly speaking merely means the moral code by which someone decides right from wrong and is therefore highly personal. The term ethical has acquired a specific meaning over the recent past. When the word ethical is used it usually means an activity that does no harm. For example the term ethical advertising implies that money will not be invested in those advertisements that cause harm to people, animals or the environment. In this sense ethics really come down to respect for the world and the consequences of ones actions. Every advertisement should be prepared with a due sense of social responsibility and should conform to the principles of fair competition, as generally accepted in business. All the advertising should be legal, decent, honest and truthful. Decency Advertisements should not contain statements or visual presentations which offend prevailing standards of decency. Honesty Advertising should be framed such that it does not abuse the trust of consumers or exploit their lack of experience or knowledge. Social Responsibility Advertisements should not condone any form of discrimination, including that based upon race, national origin, religion, sex or age nor should they undermine human dignity. Advertisements should not appear to disregard or incite violence or unlawful behavior. Truthful presentation Advertisements should not contain any statement or visual presentation which directly or by implication, omission, ambiguity or exaggerated claim is likely to mislead the consumer in particular with regard to: The value of the product and the total price actually to be paid Delivery, exchange, return, repair and maintenance Terms or guarantee Copyright and industrial property right Social aspects of advertising Advertising as a part of the firms marketing efforts operates in the society for which it should follow social norms. Key areas of debate regarding society and advertising are: Deception Manipulation Taste Deception: it refers not only to the information content in advertising but may also arise from misplaced emphasis in presentations. Advertising as a whole must not create any sort of misleading impression although every statement, separately considered may be literally truthful. Manipulation: the freedom of choice for consumers is restricted by the power of advertising since doing so can manipulate buyers into making against their will or interest. Manipulations are usually done through emotional appeal. Taste: sometimes ads are offensive, tasteless, irritating, boring and so on. Deceptive Advertising Key area of debate regarding ethics and advertising is the truth in the advertising which involves deception and puffery (commercial exaggeration). Deception: deception exists when an advertisement differs from the reality of the situation and it affects the buying behavior of the consumer Puffery: this takes two general forms the first is the advertisement of opinion about a services quality using terms such as best or greatest. The second form of puffery is an exaggeration extended to a point of outright spoof that is entirely not true. In these case words such as perfect and amazing are regarded as mere puffing. For example the consumer banks advertising credit cards, now these adverts show the attributes that would get the audience to buy it. However certain details like the fact that credit will be putting consumers in heavy debts is held off from the consumer Significance of the Study The significance of our study is to determine the widespread issues regarding ethical advertising in consumer banking relating to credit cards adverts. There are certain ethical codes in our society and this study will help gauge if the banks follow on those codes. The dependent and independent variables defined in this study help establish a relationship between such advertising and the environment in general. It goes on to explain the ethical norms and the degree to which consumers rely on these norms to make their purchasing decisions regarding a commodity or service. Study Objectives Distinctively, our study objective is to identify and develop certain questions and then to find the answers to justify those questions. To study whether ethical codes being followed in general? To study whether consumer banking sector is following the ethical codes. To determine the independent variables of ethical advertising and its effects on morality. To determine whether these variables are interlinked and their combined effect on the organizations environment. How much are consumers relying on ethical norms or perceived consequences in forming a specific ethical judgment about their buying behavior? Theoretical framework ENVIORNMENTAL FACTORS SOCIAL FACTORS LEGAL FACTORS ETHICAL ADVERTISING PROFESSIONAL FACTORS CONSUMER DEMAND ECONOMIC FACTORS PERSONAL AND INDIVIDUAL FACTORS SITUATIONAL FACTORS Variables affecting Ethical Advertising Social factors Environmental factors Professional Environment Situational Environment Legal Environment Personal and Individual Factors Consumer Trends Economic factors Dependent Variable Ethical advertising Independent Variables Social factors Social factors are associated to the values and the beliefs about how a society operates. Regarding the organizational environment, it signals to the characteristics of work in that organization. These characteristics tell us how the employees perform a certain given set of tasks and what factors do they keep in mind while perceiving ethic. This in turn affects the organizational environment that determines what is considered ethical or unethical in performing organizational assignments. Environmental factors Environmental factors include the values and behavior determined by the cultural environment of an institution originating from the moral intentions of the policy makers. Moral intention is the probability of an organization to engage in a certain behavior which tells us about the moral values which determine the basic convictions that underline the conduct and dealing of that organization. Professional factors This deals with the top management policies, the codes of conduct followed by the society in general, the corporate organization in particular. Its the moral reasoning through which they determine whats right and whats wrong. Basically outlining the organizational regulations that determine what is to be regarded as ethical and what not. Situational factors They deal with stages of development of moral values and determinants of moral attitudes. Moral values are the convictions underlying decision making process regarding ethics. Moral attitudes are the result of an evaluation of moral behavior while moral behavior is denoted by action taken. After moral attitudes, moral reasoning results in moral judgments which are decisions regarding whether a certain alternative is morally good or bad. Legal factors Legal factors are of great importance since these are the first barrier that advertising needs to cross in terms to reach its target audience. Legal clearance in other words ensures that the advert is based on principles of ethical conduct and highlights rules and regulations regarding ethical decision making. Personal and individual factors Individual factors are the individual attributes which include personal goals, the motivation, experiences, personality, and demographics. While personal factors are influenced by the company we keep and the social class that we associate with. These factors are linked together via moral perception, knowledge and moral evaluation. Moral perception is when ethical problems are perceived and the amount of knowledge people hold regarding their moral standards. Specific knowledge about these standards then lead to moral evaluation which is the final decision making determining ethical or unethical conduct Consumer Demand (trend) The trend in what the consumer wants and if the offered product is catering to those changing trends, affects the sales of the product immensely. Without d demand, any product, however much advertised will not be able to attract the target market. Economic factors These include the trends in inflation or economic stability and growth that in return affect the buying power and patterns of the consumers. These are the major determinants of demand for a certain product. Research Hypotheses On the basis of theoretical framework the following hypotheses are formulated: H0 : The social factors will not significantly affect ethical advertising H1 : The social factors will significantly affect ethical advertising H0 : The environmental factors will not significantly affect ethical advertising H1 : The environmental factors will significantly affect ethical advertising H0 : The professional environment will not significantly affect ethics in advertising H1 : The professional environment will significantly affect ethics in advertising H0 : The situational factors will not significantly affect ethical advertising H1 : The situational factors will significantly affect ethical advertising H0 : The legal environment will not significantly affect ethical advertising H1 : The legal environment will significantly affect ethical advertising H0 : The personal and individual factors will not significantly affect ethical advertising H1 : The personal and individual factors will significantly affect ethical advertising H0 : The consumer trends will not significantly affect ethical advertising H1 : The consumer trends will significantly affect ethical advertising H0 : The economic factors will not significantly affect ethical advertising H1 : The economic factors will significantly affect ethical advertising LITERATURE REVIEW JudithÂÂ  W.ÂÂ  Spain, in Ethics and Geography -Impact of Geographical Cultural Differences on Students Ethical Decisions, conducts an exploratory survey to determine if there are differences in ethical decisions by business students based upon cultural backgrounds. Students responses to a vignette concerning advertising of cigar products in a variety of different media provided evidence of significant cultural differences between three groups of students from different geographical locations within the United States. This article suggests that the presumption that an individuals ethical beliefs and behaviors do not change after childhood may be in error. In Ethical Dimensions of Advertising Executions, Nebenzuhl and D.Jaffe determined the ethicality of disguised advertising presented to consumers under the assumption that itll gain potential benefits for the organization. For evidential proof a consumer survey was conducted in which exposure to the object message is followed by unaided recall and recognition tests. The results, however, unearthed the fact that conspicuous approach to advertising is not only unethical but also the gains to the sponsors of such advertising could not outweigh the losses to independence and privacy of the large number of consumers exposed. ScottÂÂ  J.ÂÂ  Vitell, in his paper, The effects of culture on ethical decision-making: An application of Hofstedes typology addresses a significant gap in the conceptualization of business ethics within different cultural influences. Though theoretical models of business ethics have recognized the importance of culture in ethical decision-making, few have examined how this influences ethical decision-making. Therefore, this paper develops propositions concerning the influence of various cultural dimensions on ethical decision-making using Hofstedes typology. Over the last decade, the topic of social responsibility and ethics in business has been made the focus of just a few studies, even though existing theoretical models recognize the importance of this factor. Great emphasis is laid on the importance of the role of culture in ethics decision-making identifying cultural factors such as values and customs, religion, law, respect for individuality, national identity and loy alty (or patriotism), and rights of property as influencing ethics. Kennedy and Lawton (1993) in the article Ethics and Services marketing states that marketing lacks an important component for ethical decision making while identifying the conceptual marketing approaches to the field of marketing ethics. This field consists of component such as the inter-organizational variables including professional environment, individual attributes and legal environment. Furthermore, while defining ethical behavior in a broader term a behavioral model of ethical and unethical decision making related to organizations has been presented. It links the inter-organizational relationships and ethics in terms of power, dependence and uncertainty and what effects these inter-organizational factors have on ethics. Ethical advertising: How ethical business is good business practice by Mike Catherall stresses on how any businesses should be accountable, transparent and responsible to their clients, suppliers and employees alike to characterize it as good business practice. He moves on further describing how a business must be true to its word since this acts as the hallmark for good business practice, and consequently ethical business. The article analyzes that in recent years, social-consciousness has become a buzzword, and ethical business practices more lip service than a philosophy. Legislations, regulations and self regulations was information that I came across on the website of Pakistan Advertising association which helped me gauge a few aspects to what really accounts as code of ethics here in Pakistan. The article states that although there is not any one specific law or piece of legislation that encompasses all aspects of advertising, there are codified pieces of legislation and frame wares. These include the Pakistan Advertising Associations (PAA) code of ethics. The article goes on to say that the advertising codes, although generate broad and comprehensive in nature; have suffered from a lack of effective implementation and a new specific focus. The majority of codes with respect to content are based on widely accepted concepts of social and moral decency. The occasionally vague and non specific nature of the regulations has often led to problems, where specific parties or social groupings take it upon themselves to exclude what is moral and what is not . Likewise Wenling Chen and Mei-Chyi Lui (1998) in the article Agency Practitioners Perceptions of Professional Ethics in Taiwan conducted a survey on the advertising practitioners in Taiwan concerning their experiences of ethical challenges at work. The study made use of a semi structured questionnaire which combined both quantitative and qualitative approaches to collect relevant information attempting for satisfying interpretations from the collected data. Among 120 respondents, 67.5 percent admitted that ethical problem was a commonplace at work. According to these respondents, the most frequently mentioned ethical problems area representing unethical products or services, the message of advertisements, agency-client relationship, the creditability of research, under table rebate, and the quality of service. Due to its preliminary nature, the present study should be considered exploratory and descriptive rather than conclusive, with the hope to inspire more research on advertising ethics in Taiwan as well as in other countries in the world. Candy A. Bianco and Susan M. Bosco in their article Ethical issues in credit card solicitation of college students, states how credit card companies aggressively solicit college students, without regard for the consequences of high credit card debt for these customers. The ethical conflict of the sale of easy credit to college students too often results in hazardous outcomes. This paper will investigate the dangers that credit card use presents to the young customer, the unethical manner in which the companies that issue these cards promote their products to this audience, and the role of institutions of higher education. A majority of students are not only using credit unwisely (average balances of over $1000 regardless of who reports the data) but are paying overpriced interest (18%-22%). The credit card companies call this responsible use. They are collecting enough interest and fees to more than cover losses resulting from bankruptcy. They use a variety of marketing techniques to lure college students glitzy MTV type shows, free prizes and gifts, special interest rate offers, and now they can pretend through Educational services to explain to college students why credit cards are important. This Paper investigates current solicitation policies of colleges and universities are also. Bank Credit Cards: Not-Illegal Does Not Equal Ethical by Charles H. Green strongly criticizes banks for deceiving the consumers where credit offerings through credit cards is concerned. The article talks about how for organizational profits the banks not only use unethical advertising as a tool but also neglect the distinction between illegal and unethical. The article goes on to say that most people can intuitively understand the difference between ethical and legal, and between unethical and illegal. Most of us want to live in a society where laws are ultimately derived from a sense of ethics-not the other way around. Just because something is not illegal hardly implies it is ethical. The article Opportunities vs. ethics by White, Phillip D points out how, in the area of fee income, bank marketing officers are being increasingly called upon to do two things the first being to assist the bank in identifying more fee income opportunities while the second states how to help the bank optimize or maximize fee income performance through the refinement of existing pricing strategies. The purpose of this article is to briefly review how bankers involved in marketing analysis and decision making should be aware of arguments and developments regarding potential ethical issues. Ethical standards in advertising: a worldwide perspective by Maria Cecilia talks about a study that was conducted that indicates how close advertisers from all the continents have been from the natural law and other fundamental moral principles. The ethical problems have not been equated with objectivity and the realist approach is appointed as a solution. The paper moves on explaining how there have been comments about the difficult practicability of ethically behaving in the advertising world due to problems faced by private companies, marketing research and advertising agencies, media and government. In many western countries, conflicts between ethical/moral and social/economic values can be observed. Many professionals see themselves disoriented concerning the correct attitude to take when facing the dynamic and diversified possibilities of their advertising campaigns. The objective of the paper was to call the attention of academicians and professionals who deal with advertising and to their responsibility toward the market. The intention is to encourage them to consider the values implicit in the campaigns they develop, guiding them toward the common good, helping them to find a wise and sensible way of acting rather than acquiring ways that misguide and mislead their consumers. Laczniak and Inderrieden (1987) in the article The Influence of stated organizational concern upon ethical decision making did the experimental study and evaluated the influence of stated organizational concern for ethical conduct upon employee behavior at managerial levels. A sample was tested on scenarios suggesting illegal conduct and others suggesting only unethical behavior. Only in the case of suggested illegal behavior tempered by high organizational concern were managers influenced by organizational policy to modify the morality of their actions. However the responses to the illegal scenarios were significantly more ethical than the reactions given to the unethical (but not illegal) situations. This particular study adopts an in-basket framework in order to investigate the influence of various levels of organizational sanctions upon ethical decision making. Methodology The methodology I will implement has two aspects and is going to be based on survey strategy: Questionnaires will cover the general trends in responses from the bankers also keeping in mind to structure them to be able to gauge some consumer trends. Interviews, of the bankers, will further help evaluate results gathered from the questionnaires The sample for this research will be the banks that offer consumer banking I will attempt to cover as many banks as I can since credit card issuance is foreign to none keeping in mind the growing trend. The sampling frame would be all the banks in Lahore City. The sample size would be 30 people from consumer banking sector involved in advertising credit card facility. The Research Study would start off from the questionnaire and thereafter statistical measures will be applied on the results to obtain analysis by using computer software SPSS. Analysis Q1. Do you think that the ethical codes of advertising are being followed? Q2. Do you think that the government is concerned with the censorship of advertisement through different mediums? HYPOTHSIS: H0- The legal factors will not significantly affect ethical advertising H1- The legal factors will significantly affect ethical advertising Analysis We know from the data analyzed using SPSS that our degree of freedom is 28 and I have supposed the confidence interval 95% (0.95), hence using the T-Table and determining the T-critical value against Degree of Freedom 28 and Confidence Interval of 95% (0.95), the value comes out to be 2.048, which is less than the T-stat of 4. 436. Since this proves my T-stat to be greater than my T-critical, the H0- The legal factors will not significantly affect ethical advertising is rejected. Q3. Has your business increased over the recent years in credit card financing? HYPOTHSIS H0- The consumer demand trends will not significantly affect ethical advertising H1- The consumer demand trends will significantly affect ethical advertising Analysis We know from the data analyzed using SPSS that our degree of freedom is 28 and I have supposed the confidence interval 95% (0.95), hence using the T-Table and determining the T-critical value against Degree of Freedom 28 and Confidence Interval of 95% (0.95), the value comes out to be 2.048, which is less than the T-stat of 4.254. Since this proves my T-stat to be greater than my T-critical, the H0- The consumer demand trends will not significantly affect ethical advertising, is rejected. Q4. Do you think that the rules and regulations of the bank affect moral reasoning determining the ethical behavior of advertising? HYPOTHSIS H0- The professional factors will not significantly affect ethical advertising H1- The professional factors will significantly affect ethical advertising Analysis We know from the data analyzed using SPSS that our degree of freedom is 28 and I have supposed the confidence interval 95% (0.95), hence using the T-Table and determining the T-critical value against Degree of Freedom 28 and Confidence Interval of 95% (0.95), the value comes out to be 2.048, which is less than the T-stat of 5.737. Since this proves my T-stat to be greater than my T-critical, the H0- The professional factors will not significantly affect ethical advertising, is rejected. Q.5 The culture of a bank determines the behavior of employees regarding corporate social responsibility. HYPOTHSIS H0- The environmental factors will not significantly affect ethical advertising H1- The environmental factors will significantly affect ethical advertising Analysis We know from the data analyzed using SPSS that our degree of freedom is 28 and I have supposed the confidence interval 95% (0.95), hence using the T-Table and determining the T-critical value against Degree of Freedom 28 and Confidence Interval of 95% (0.95), the value comes out to be 2.048, which is less than the T-stat of 6.343. Since this proves my T-stat to be greater than my T-critical, the H0- The environmental factors will not significantly affect ethical advertising, is rejected. Q.6 Do you think economic factors are a major determinant for the demand of your product (credit cards)? HYPOTHSIS H0- The economic factors will not significantly affect ethical advertising H1- The economic factors will significantly affect ethical advertising Analysis We know from the data analyzed using SPSS that our degree of freedom is 28 and I have supposed the confidence interval 95% (0.95), hence using the T-Table and determining the T-critical value against Degree of Freedom 28 and Confidence Interval of 95% (0.95), the value comes out to be 2.048, which is less than the T-stat of 5.125. Since this proves my T-stat to be greater than my T-critical, the H0- The economic factors will not significantly affect ethical advertising, is rejected. Q.7 Corporate social responsibility is an important factor in ethical advertising HYPOTHSIS H0- The social factors will not significantly affect ethical advertising H1- The social factors will significantly affect ethical advertising Analysis We know from the data analyzed using SPSS that our degree of freedom is 28 and I have supposed the confidence interval 95% (0.95), hence using the T-Table and determining the T-critical value against Degree of Freedom 28 and Confidence Interval of 95% (0.95), the value comes out to be 2.048, which is less than the T-stat of 4.938. Since this proves my T-stat to be greater than my T-critical, the H0- social factors will not significantly affect ethical advertising, is rejected. Q.8 Do individual attributes such as personal goals, life experiences and education determine the perception of the consumer regarding advertising? HYPOTHSIS H0- The personal and individual factors will not significantly affect ethical advertising H1- The personal and individual factors will significantly affect ethical advertising Analysis We know from the data analyzed using SPSS that our degree of freedom is 28 and I have supposed the confidence interval 95% (0.95), hence using the T-Table and determining the T-critical value against Degree of Freedom 28 and Confidence Interval of 95% (0.95), the value comes out to be 2.048, which is less than the T-stat of 7.408. Since this proves my T-stat to be greater than my T-critical, the H0- personal and individual factors will not significantly affect ethical advertising, is rejected. Q.9 Does your bank tends to suppress pertinent information about your services from consumers? HYPOTHSIS H0- The situational factors will not significantly affect ethical advertising H1- The situational and individual factors will significantly affect ethical advertising Analysis We know from the data analyzed using SPSS that our degree of freedom is 28 and I have supposed the confidence interval 95% (0.95), hence using the T-Table and determining the T-critical value against Degree of Freedom 28 and Confidence Interval of 95% (0.95), the value comes out to be 2.048, which is less than the T-stat of 8.773. Since

Braham Stokers Dracula and The Distrust Between the Sexes Essay

Dracula and The Distrust Between the Sexes       "Unpleasant experiences with the opposite sex seem to be unavoidable" (Horney 342). This quote from Karen Horney's essay The Distrust Between the Sexes seems to be discussing Dracula. Though her essay, (a lecture originally given to the German's Women Medical Association in November 1930), does not mention Dracula directly, the points that she argued can be transposed onto Bram Stoker's Dracula. In her essay, Horney asserts that men are very concerned with self-preservation, and also that men have an innate fear of women in power positions and therefore do what they can to prevent women from obtaining "power positions,"; these two points are applicable to Dracula.    Karen Horney observes that "because of our instinct for self-preservation, we all have a natural fear of losing ourselves in another person" (340). This is evident in Dracula when Lucy knows that her "bad dreams" (Stoker 109) come at night so she has "the pain of sleeplessness, or the pain of the fear of sleep" (Stoker 132). She has the fear that if she sleeps Dracula will appear and cause her to "lose herself." Stoker's Dracula character defies Horney's above statement, presumably because he is not "human." He has "a heart that knew [sic] no fear and no remorse" (302). However, the self-preservation clause still applies. He was very adamant in his desire to study John Harker, in order that he could pass as a native Londoner. Harker realized his place in the Count's plan, while staying at the castle. Harker says "this was the being I was helping to transfer to London, where, he might, amongst its teeming millions, satiate his lust for blood, and create a new and ever widening circle of semi-demons to batten o... ...e processes?" (348).    Though Dracula was written a full 30 years before Horney's essay, it is most fascinating re-analyzing the novel after having read the essay. We can see Horney's two assertions (that men are very concerned with self-preservation, and than men have an innate fear of women in power positions) come to life in Dracula. She even mentions "vampires" in her essay (343), but it is a different context; she's not referring to Stoker's novel. These two works, analyzed together, make a most engaging gothic classic that much more interesting.    Works Cited: Horney, Karen. "The Distrust Between the Sexes." A World of Ideas: Essential Readings for College Writers. 5th ed. Ed. Lee A. Jacobus. Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin's, 1998. 337-351. Stoker, Bram. Dracula. (London: 1897) introduction by George Statde. New York: Bantam Books, 1981.

Clyde Beasley and Social Influence :: essays research papers

Prison: A Social Nightmare Social psychology is the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. What happens when there is only one way to do things without being teased, mimicked or ever bullied? We conform. Even though the standards are different now than is has been in the past, the theory is the same: for most people, whatever they think will make their life easiest, they will conform to. Clyde Beasley has been a very good example of conformation in his life time, even though he is a highly independent person now. He has been imprisoned twice for running a drug operation and been incarcerated a in level four maximum security prison. Only during the second sentence of over 10 years did he realize how he needed to change his life and since he has been free he has led an entirely legal life without so much as a minor traffic citation. While he was in prison however it is impossible to be yourself Even while he was still in prison Clyde began to think of ways he could become successful in a legal way. His aspirations had always been fame and wealth which was the reason he began to deal in the first place. He came up with ideas of inventions he could sell while still in prison and now runs many company's and a non-profit organization: HIPP-MO-TIZE, which is focused on youth and women. In prison no matter what your culture and style is like you are forced to conform to a race standard, if you are Asian you have to be like all the other Asians, if you are white, you are forced to associate yourself with only the other white people. This is a very extreme example of normative social influence. Normative social influence, when a person changes their actions to either be accepted or to avoid being rejected, can be seen in any culture you observe. In schools you can see otherwise intelligent kids using words and talking in ways that can be classified as absurd and brainless. They will not do homework because it is considered uncool.

Ligament Injuries Essay -- Health Injured Ligaments Essays

Ligament Injuries The volleyball match has been going on for over an hour. Both teams have been trading points and side-outs. The ball is set high outside so that the big outside hitter can put the ball away. She comes in hard, plants, leaps into the air and smashes the ball down the line in a twisting motion. As she lands on her right leg, a POP is heard and down she goes. What has just happened is occurring more and more often in athletics, the athlete has just torn the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). In this paper I will describe ACL, how it is injured and diagnosed, how it be repaired and what is being done to prevent ACL injuries. The Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) is one of the two cruciate ligaments of the knee, the other being the Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL). These ligaments are the stabilizers of the knee. The ACL is a strip of fibery tissue, which is located deep inside the knee joint. It runs from the posterior side of the femur (thigh bone) to the anterior side of the tibia (shin bone) deep inside of the knee. The ligament is a broad, thick cord the size of a person's index finger. It has long collagen strands woven together in a fashion that permits forces of up to 500 pounds to be exerted. The function of the ACL is to prevent the tibia from moving in front of the knee and femur. The ACL also prevents hyperextension (or extreme stretching of the knee backward) and helps to prevent rotation of the tibia. The amount of knee ligament injuries have been on the rise in recent years. Over the last 15 years, ankle sprains have decreased by 86% and tibia fractures by 88%, but knee ligament injuries have increased by 172%. The injury usually occurs in either a slow twisting fall, a sudden hyperextension, or a sudden hyperflexion as when landing from jumping. When the injury occurs the athlete usually hears a "pop" and they will have immediate swelling of the knee. When the person tries to put weight on the leg it will feel like the knee isn't underneath the athlete. With most injuries the type of movement will help to determine the injury: "I twisted to the right." etc. When ACL injuries occur there is a "popping" sound at the time of injury and swelling within six hours. An experienced clinician can diagnose an ACL tear with relative accuracy by a manual examination. X-ray examination and ... ...t of stress. A knee bend resistive exercise program done by The United States Ski Team has resulted in an 80% decline in serious knee injuries. The program uses a single stance one-third knee bend going from 30 to 80 degrees at a steady rate for three minutes, working up to five minutes on each leg. Sport band (elastic cord) can be used to increase resistance when initial levels are achieved. The anterior cruciate ligament is the main guide to knee stabilization. Fortunately injuries to the ACL are now much more treatable and athletes are returning to performance at a greater rate. All athletes need to be aware of the risk of ACL injuries but they also need to know if it does happen, it's not the end of their athletic career. Works Cited: Anterior Cruciate Ligament(ACL) Injury. http://www.familyinternet.com/peds/scr/001074cc.htm The Knee http://www.mednet.qc.ca/mednet/anglais/hermes_a/knee/knee_15.html Knee Injuries The Anterior Cruciate Ligament http://www.medseek.com/portfolios/reference/gallz.html Healther Knees, Please! - AHFMR May/June Article http://www.worldweb.com/ahfmr/may/knees.html ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT INJURIES BY DAN KUKLOCK

American History X and Crash Movies

Movies, like any creative effort, reflect the time and the place in which they are created. Both American History X and Crash clearly address the concept of the American Dream and the way that people choose to live their lives. While they share this concept, however, American History X is a much darker film that explores the many and varied forms of hate. Stereotypes, prejudices, and racism are so much a part of everyday life that children are literally taught these things at the dinner table. Crash, on the other hand, shows a diverse collection of Americans trying to live their lives.Some of them are good and some are bad, but all are capable of change. The viewer ultimately takes away two things from these films. First, the viewer learns that the American Dream, as it is popularly perceived, is unachievable to most. Second, the viewer takes away the message that things are rarely what they seem. In the end, while neither film was a fun or â€Å"nice† film, both leave the vie wer perhaps thinking a bit more about the American experience and how it is experienced by members of different races. American History X, Crash, and Racism American History X is a film about prejudices and racism.According to Coury Turczyn, American History X is â€Å"the visceral meditation on American bigotry† (par. 6). Although this family seems to be a nice, â€Å"normal† suburban family, the children are being indoctrinated into the culture of hate by their father, who constantly denigrates members of other races. The film goes on to trace the actions of the members of this family in general, as well as the events that affect them. In particular, this film addresses the son who attempts to prevent his younger brother from becoming a neo-Nazi, just as he had been in the past.In contrast, Crash is not necessarily a film about racism. Rather, it is a film that uses racism as a backdrop as it examines how actions have a ripple effect that go beyond race relations. Th e movie brings together groups of seemingly unrelated individuals who, through their racially motivated actions, become associated through crimes of passion and violence. Unlike the individuals in the movie American History X, however, the movie Crash permits the characters to find redemption through their actions. American History XAt the beginning of this film, Derek, Danny, and the rest of their family seem to be living the American Dream. They live in a nice house in the suburbs, with a beautiful mom, a firefighter dad, and two other siblings. In the evenings, they sit down together at the dinner table to eat and talk. However, it is in the middle of this apparent domestic bliss that problems lurk. The dinner conversation is really the pivotal place where the viewer can see the kind of intolerance that Derek and Danny are taught by their father, Dennis, by all counts is a ‘nice guy.’ Dennis, the father, is a racist, as he demonstrates in his little spiel, and it bec omes apparent to the viewer that being open-minded is not a plus in this family. During one of these dinner conversations, Derek and his father discuss affirmative action and Derek’s teacher Sweeney. Dennis complains about â€Å"affirmative blaction shit [driving him] up the fucking wall,† complaining that â€Å"rappers† who score lower than other fighters who have nearly perfect scores â€Å"walk away with the job† (American History X). Dennis also complains about all of the classic books that have been replaced by â€Å"black† books.Even though Derek is very enthused by his teacher, his father warns him not to fall for the â€Å"nigger bullshit. † When dad is then killed in the line of duty and by a black man, this clears the way for Derek to become recruited by the vulture named Cameron. Cameron preys on weak kids, like Derek, so that he can bring them into the white power movement. From that time forward, the family begins to deteriorate and continues until Derek is released from prison. Their living arrangement has become dismal. Mom is sickly. However, Derek has seen the light in prison so to speak and begins to turn his life around.Director David McKenna explains clearly in an interview what he was trying to do with the movie. He explains that as a child he was aware of bigotry in his community, which influenced him to later write about people who possessed such beliefs. He comments that, the point he was trying to make with this movie â€Å"is that a person is not born a racist. It is learned through environment and the people that surround you† (Virtual Pew Daily). According to The Virtual Pew Daily, McKenna was intrigued by the question of why people hate. His theory that hate begins at home (Virtual Pew Daily) is tested in this film.McKenna brings this theory to American History X by showing that the family that appears to have the American Dream by the tail before their father Dennis dies, in fact, d oes not. Things progressively worsen after his death. Eventually, Derek goes on to make speeches that seem to echo his father, to recruit new members to white supremacy. In one of these speeches, Derek talks about the famous inscription on the Statue of Liberty, which begins â€Å"Give me your tired, your hungry, your poor. † Derek explains to his listeners that it's Americans who are tired and hungry and poor.And I say, until you take care of that, close the fucking book. ‘Cause we're losing. We're losing our rights to pursue our destiny. We're losing our freedom. So that a bunch of fucking foreigners can come in here and exploit our country. [. . . ] It's happening right here, right in our neighborhood, right in that building behind you† (American History X). This speech clearly shows how Derek’s view of his fellow Americans has been shaped by his father, in that his words nearly echo those spoken by his father at the dinner table. While Derek believes in the American Dream, he believes in it only for certain people, not for all people.Derek makes false and broad generalizations about our country and people, which a lot of people believe even today. It is for this reason that these arguments work so well. McKenna uses his film to criticize this kind of hate. The symbol that he uses for hatred is the swastika, which becomes a twisted sort of cross once Derek gets out of prison. This film also shows how people tend to look at things in black and white, in what Siddens calls â€Å"role rigidity† (10). Derek’s worldview is rigidly black and white during everything leading up to prison; he is rigidly locked into a role that â€Å"permeates [his] life† (10).In a not terribly subtle bit of symbolism, the film is done in black and white during this time. After Derek undergoes his transformation in prison, changing his role sufficiently to see people as individuals, the film becomes color as Derek’s world becomes color. His world becomes, in many ways, a lot less clear, a lot messier but better. Because McKenna both directed and filmed this movie, it cannot help but reflect his vision of the world. However, McKenna uses this film to make a good argument for his theses: that racism is prevalent in Middle America and that racism begins at home.Crash The movie Crash, on the other hand, has a broader focus than American History X. Instead of focusing on a single set of related protagonists, Crash is a series of short vignettes that all intersect at some crucial point in order to make the viewer question his or her beliefs. Rather than being â€Å"merely† about racism, the movie Crash is also about the lack of human love that human beings show to each other. The director is apparently stating that his lack of human love springs from a lack of connectedness with each other.As one of the characters, Graham, states at the beginning of the film: It's the sense of touch. In any real city, you w alk, you know? You brush past people, people bump into you. In L. A. , nobody touches you. We're always behind this metal and glass. I think we miss that touch so much, that we crash into each other, just so we can feel something† (Crash). The plot of the movie Crash seems to be that people are not always what they appear to be on their surface. In America, through various racist acts, Americans are more likely to do harm to others than to do good.Just as the viewer may be shocked by the portrayal of a firefighter in American History X, the viewer is also shocked by the characters in Crash. However, Crash is more about the understanding that develops between people and the redemption that can come from it. In American History X, Derek finally comes to understand true nature of a world that is neither all black nor all white. Unfortunately, by the time he does and begins to make amends, his brother Danny has to die. Some acts we simply cannot take back. Unlike this dismal fate, however, the characters of Crash show the viewer that we can all change our ways and find redemption.Even when the viewer hates the character, the film takes us closer to help us understand why the character might have done what he or she did. The film provides us a glimpse in order to achieve empathy. Empathy and redemption are the main themes of the film. In some cases, the viewer’s stereotypes are proven true as in the case of this dialogue. At one point in the film, two young black men discuss their theory as to the people of the neighborhood fear them, coming to the conclusion that it is because they are â€Å"the only two black faces surrounded by a sea of over-caffeinated white people, patrolled by the triggerhappy LAPD† (Crash).According to the movie, Crash, everyone has prejudice. This prejudice is demonstrated in a conversation between Graham, a black man, and Ria, his Puerto Rican girlfriend. In this conversation, Ria angrily suggests that she will give Gra ham a â€Å"geography lesson,† stating that her father is from Puerto Rico and her mother is from El Salvador, neither of which is Mexico. Graham replies that he guesses that â€Å"the big mystery is, who gathered all those remarkably different cultures together and taught them all how to park their cars on their lawns† (Crash)Steve Wessler, founder of the Center for the Prevention of Hate Violence notes that even stereotypes that are usually inside a person can eventually be aired. He is quoted as saying that: Even though such attitudes reside beneath the surface, they have the potential to bubble up–and progress from there. Stereotypes are not static [. . . ] If you're stereotyping a person of color in negative ways and not thinking of him or her as an individual, it makes it much easier to treat that person poorly.I don't think that I investigated a hate crime at a school that did not begin with the lower level of slurs and stereotypes and then escalated† (U. S. News) In its series of vignettes, Crash displays a cross-section of the American public, showing characters that range from rich and miserable to those who are family-oriented and poor. Not a single character in this movie remains unaffected by prejudice, either in his or her own behavior or in the events that are put into motion by the prejudice of others. ConclusionBoth American History X and Crash use racial prejudice as the motivating force for the actions of the plot. The manner in which they make use of this motivating force, however, is quite different. While American History X is a bleak film that speaks of the inevitability of the fate of prejudice reaching across the generations, Crash expresses the idea that human beings are capable of both empathy and redemption, no matter who the individual is or how flawed he or she might be. If anything, these films make the viewer question what the American dream really is and who is living it.Both of them explore the issue s of race, ethnicity and gender very well. Neither of these films shows much distinction between good and evil: everyone does good, and everyone does bad. Each one of us has both qualities inside of us and displays them at various points of our lives. Every person, no matter what he or she has done, is capable of love and redemption. This capability is what makes us human. The willingness to share this love and redemption, despite the race or ethnicity of those around us, is what it should mean to be American. Works Cited American History X. â€Å"Memorable Quotes.† IMdB. com. 1998. . This listing on IMdB. com provides links to a variety of reviews from both professional reviewers and by individuals who wish to review the film American History X. In addition to reviews, the site also lists links to such items as â€Å"goofs,† trivia and memorable quotes that have been noted by these sources. Crash. IMdB. com. . 2005. This listing on IMdB. com provides links to a variet y of reviews from both professional reviewers and by individuals who wish to review the film Crash.In addition to reviews, the site also lists links to such items as â€Å"goofs,† trivia and memorable quotes that have been noted by these sources. Siddens, Paul J. â€Å"Using the Feature Film â€Å"American History X† to Teach Principles of Self-Concept in the Introduction to Interpersonal Communication Course. 2000. . Turczyn, Coury. â€Å"History Lesson. † 2005. . This web site provides a commentary about the movie Crash.U. S. News and World Report. â€Å"Don’t Race to Judgment. † 2007. This article provides some interesting connections between the movie Crash and real life. Virtual Pew Daily, The. Interview with David McKenna. 18 August 2007. . This site contains some very intriguing commentary about the movie and the symbols in it, complete with pictures explaining each stage Derek goes through. It also contains an interview with director Davi d McKenna.

Topographic Map

MS 217 Dennis Borzakov Class 723 January 15, 2013 Problem HOW IS A TOPOGRAPHIC MAP MADE Hypothesis I think that to make a topographic map you have to see the form of the object from up top. To do this you need a satellite image. These images are called aerial photographs. Using elevation calculators and ground measures cartographers then make topographic maps. Materials †¢ Clay model landform †¢ Water tinted with food coloring †¢ Transparency †¢ Clear plastic storage box with lid †¢ Beaker †¢ Metric ruler †¢ Tape †¢ Transparency marker Procedure 1.Using the ruler and the transparency marker, make marks up the side of the storage box one centimeter apart. 2. Place the clay model into the storage box. The bottom of the box will be zero elevation. 3. Secure the transparency to the top of the storage box with tape. 4. Using the beaker, pour water into the box to a height of one cm. 5. Use the transparency marker to trace the top of the water line o n the transparency. 6. Using the scale 1cm=10m, mark the elevation on the line. 7. Remove the transparency and add water until a depth of 2cm is reached. 8. Map this level on the transparency and record the elevation. . Repeat the process of adding water and tracing until you have the hill mapped on the transparency. 10. Transfer the tracing of the hill onto a white sheet of paper. 11. Use the ruler to transfer the hill from the white sheet of paper to graph paper. Analysis The counter interval of this topographic map is 1cm is equal to 10 m. The distance between contour lines on the map show steepness of a slope on the landform model because the closer the lines are the steeper the hill is, the farther apart the lines are the more the gentle the rising of the hill will be.The elevation of Hill A is 80 meters and the elevation of Hill B is 90 meters. Elevation was presented on the map by the number of counter lines. The one with the most counter lines is the taller one. Conclusion I n this experiment we took on the job of a cartographer. We graphed clay model hills to express elevation. We traced images of the forms from the transparency to the white sheet of paper to express the difference in counter lines.

Tutorial answers

If the system already exists, different scenarios can be tried using he model before tests being carried out on the real system. Alternatively if the system does not exist, the model can be used to help decide on the final design of a system. Often there are constraints on the design that need to be investigated e. G. Constraints on cost, space, etc. Modification to systems once they exist can be expensive hence it is important to try and get design of systems ‘right-first-time' and this is where modeling and simulation can be useful engineering tools.Example: see lecture notes weekly under section Why is modeling important ?. 2 See notes 3. Components of system Inputs Outputs States Environment Tank Valve Pipes Inlet Flows of A and B Liquid level Level change in tank Upstream of inlet to tank and downstream of outlet valve 4. See notes 5. See notes 6. Bookwork (as coursework 1) TUTORIAL ANSWERS 2 El . A proportional relationship for a component is here considered to be an unch anging relationship (and is often referred to in modeling terms as a constitutive or physical relationship).These are the natural physical laws which the individual components of the system obey e. G. For an electrical system, the relationship between voltage and current and in the special case of an ideal resistor – Ohm's Law FRR. I E. Kerchiefs Current Law : algebraic summation of all currents flowing into a junction of a network is zero. Kerchiefs Voltage Law: algebraic summation of all voltages acting around a loop of a circuit is zero. Examples – see section 2. 2. Of lecture notes. E. The impedance of an element is its voltage:current ratio.Multiple Choice: Electrical Systems El(b) E(C) Problems: Electrical Systems El . 3. 3 0, Ohm's Law is obeyed since the resistance is constant as the voltage varies Q. 40 A E. IV E. (a) 4. 4 0 (b) 16 (c) 4. 4 E. (a) 0. 68 V (b) 0. 47 V (c) 0. 34 V E. (a) 0. 2 V, 205 ma (b) 1. 03 V, 52 ma (c) 1. 16 V, 193 ma E. = 30/84 v = 0. 357 *12 volts = 4. Volts E. VI = 366/191 = 1. 92 V, TUTORIAL ANSWERS 3 MI . (I) spring f = xx= k(XSL -xx) where x is the displacement (or extension) and k is the proportionality constant called the spring constant with units of force/displacement e. . N/m. Damper f = BE k(FL – vi) where v is the velocity and B is the proportionality constant called a viscous friction coefficient or constant. Its dimension is force/velocity e. G. NSA/m. MM. See lecture notes. The force balance law demands that (a the acceleration). Analogies: This is analogous to Kerchiefs voltage law, particularly if one treats the inertia acceleration as an equivalent force. Note: In order to model a mechanical system, the usual practice is to form a free body diagram around each inertia (mass) component.One will then end up with a set of simultaneous differential equations, the solution of which dictates the dynamics and constitutes the system model. In the case where there are no mass components, then ensure a force balance at selected points in the system. That is the net force acting on any point must be zero, I. E. Multiple Choice: Mechanical Systems MI . G) MM. (a,b) Problems: Mechanical Systems MI. O. AN MM. 0. 05 arms Question/ Variable (NSA/m) 812 834 Biota I 2 1217 24/19= 1 . 263 4 15/8 60/47 = 1 . 276 Questions: Thermal and Fluid Systems TFH .A system is said to be in equilibrium when its behavior is steady I. E its output and inputs are unchanging. For the liquid level system with an inlet and outlet flow, this corresponds to the inlet and outlet flows being the same. Multiple Choice: Thermal and Fluid Systems TFH. (b) TFH. (c) Problems: Thermal and Fluid Systems TFH . The flow cannot be assumed to be laminar as the proportionality constant is not inner as the flow increases through the pipe I. E. I/R resistance (Pa. s/mm) 3 TUTORIAL ANSWERS 4 IQ .Methods that can be used to determine the gradient of the straight line at t=2 sec are: (I) plot a graph and determine where t=2 or (it) differentiate x(t) with respect to t and substitute t=2. Q. (a) Q. See lecture notes Q. Completing the table gives: Electrical Component Equation Mechanical Component Rotational Component Inductor Inertia Rotating inertia Resistor Damper Capacitor Spring Torsion's spring Q. (a) Using free body diagram on the mass-damper system of Fig. 5. 1, the mass and ampere can be considered to be in parallel.Force balance gives: where: Hence: (b) Similarly for the spring-damper system of Fig. 5. 2 Force balance gives: where: , (c) For the rotational pulley of Fig. 5. 3, a torque balance is required: Torque balance gives:and where:, , Q. (a) For a resistor and capacitor in series of Fig. 6. 1 Apply Kerchiefs Voltage Law gives: (b) For a resistor and inductor in series of Fig. 6. 2 where: , , (c) For a 5 resistors and a capacitor system of Fig. 6. 3, observe that this is nearly the same system as shown in Tutorial Sheet 2 Problem E but with the addition of the opacity.Hence: where: with and H ence as in Qua. : Q. Q. Material balance on tank: rate of change of mass floodwater = mass flow in – mass flow out assume constant density 0 and area: Given: , A = 7 mm, R = 0. 14 her/mm and Sin = 100 mm/her substituting gives: Tutorial Answers 5, 6 IQ Bookwork straight from notes: Ask in a tutorial if stuck and/or use MENTAL to generate solutions and check against you work. E. G. For 1st of these t=alliances(O,2,100); ext=subs(x,t); fugue(l reset Q: Throughout Q assume a model of the form Steady-state is 0. 6. Initial value is -1. Rise is given as 1. . 63% of rise is given by which implies x(t) has this value at about t=O. 25 sec and therefore T=O. 25, Steady-state is 30. Initial value is 2. Rise is given as 28. 63% of rise is given by 0. 63*28=17. 64 which implies x(t)=19. 64. X(t) has this value at about t=5 sec and therefore T=5, k=30. Steady-state is 50. Initial value is 20. Rise is given as 30. 63% of rise is given by 0. 63*30=18. 9 which implies x(t)=38. 9. X(t) has th is value at about t=50 sec and therefore T=50, k=50. Q: Maximum current is at t=O and given as V/R: Therefore R=V/I = 5/0. 004 = mashes.Time constant is given by ARC, so T=ms implies that C=. 005/1250 = 4 micro. Q: Parameters give a time constant of cosec so after 30 sec aircraft at 95% of steady-state land speed. 1 MPH is the same as mutterer pH or (1609/3600)m/s MPH is the same as mom/s Steady-state is given as f/B. Therefore min f required is BIB [ scaled by (11. 95) to be precise]. Q: Model is Bad/dot +xx=f or (B/k) DXL/dot +x =f/k Desired time constant is about 0. Sec, therefore (B/k)=O. 8 so k=NON/m Steady-state displacement is given as (1 /k)f = 0. 04, and therefore f=AN is required. Tutorial Answers 7 1 .Find the Lovelace transform of the following signals: Students should use MENTAL to check their working here, e. G. Ray the command: 2. Use partial fractions, a lookup table and inverse Lovelace to find the underlying signals with the following transforms. Students should us e MAT to check their working, e. G. 3. What is the final value for signals with the following transforms? Use the Pit but note that: (I) there is no final value if the signal is divergent which is the case for 5th (obvious from negative sign) and (it) for convergent signals, the final value must be zero if there is no integrator.Hence only 2nd and 6th have a non-zero values which must be 4 and 0. 5 respectively. 4. Which of the following transforms has the fastest settling time? What are the settling times to within 5% of steady-state? Time constants are negative inverses of poles. One can estimate time to 5% error as approximately three times slowest time constant (exact for 1st order but no strict generalization when many poles due to uncertainty about partial fractions). Time constant is the negative inverse of the pole. So pole at -0. 25 gives T=4, etc. 5. Sketch the poles and zeros of the following transforms on an Regard diagram.By marking the LAP and RAP clearly, hence determ ine which represent stable and unstable behavior. Students should use MENTAL to check their working for his, for example, doing 4th as follows will produce a fugue with poles marked in Y and zeros in ‘o': Systems are stable if and only if all the poles are in the LAP – the origin is counted as being in the LAP. The positions of the zeros do not affect stability. Tutorial Answers 8 1 . The inverse Lovelace transform of a transfer function is called the â€Å"impulse response function†. If a system has an impulse response function given by g(t) t(l-sin(t)).Compute its transfer function, G(s). 2. Use Lovelace methods to solve the following ODE equations. 3. Give examples of type O, type 1 and type 2 systems. Has does this affect the expected behavior? Bookwork 4. Which of the following transforms for 1st order ODES has the highest gain? What are the gains? What are the time constants? Determine and sketch the step responses for each of these. Gains are 4, 3, 1. 5 an d 1. 125 respectively. Time constants are 4, 0. 2, 1. 25, 0. 5 respectively. As these are 1st order, sketching step response follows same procedures as tutorial 5,6.Tutorial Answers 9, 10 1 . Bookwork – read some control text books to broaden your views on the uses and potential of control. 2. This is also straight from the notes but your understanding will also be improved by some wider reading. Don't Just stick to your main discipline, but look at examples from chemical, aerospace, automotive, medical, electrical, biological, etc. 3. Straightforward application of the Pit. 2nd set has an integrator and hence the offset is known to be zero. Otherwise, use formula. Confirm this with MENTAL, I. E. Plot is seen to settle at 0. 52 4. The 1st part is taken direct from the lecture slides so not repeated here. The closed-loop time constant and rise time are: Time constant +AKA), closed-loop game = AKA/(I+AKA), where A=4/5, -r=o. 2 Hence 0. 2/(1 +K/5)O. 8 which gives K >4+3. K or 0. K>4 or K>5. Confirm this using MENTAL, ii. Use G=TFH(4,[1 %% plot in a figure It is clear that the time closed loop pole polynomial is (s+ [1 +AKA]/T) and hence the pole is in the LAP for all positive K which implies closed-loop stability. Discussion of large K is bookwork – read some text books. 5.This question is designed to make a student think and experiment. To meet specifications, the closed-loop is given as Clearly the steady-state gain is unity as expected so the offset requirement is met. The closed-loop poles are determined from the roots of the denominator and we want the poles to be to the left of -2. 5 ‘e. (s+2. 5) is equivalent to (0. As+1). Both roots can be placed at 2. 5 if In the future students will recognize that lower values of K will give a slower pole and higher values of K will give rise to oscillation. 6. Standard question.Form closed-loop transfer function and find characteristic polynomial for all 3 cases. You will need to do the partial frac tions for all 3 and sketch, but you can use MENTAL to check your answers. E. G form the three closed-loop transfer functions and then type feedback(GO,GO,GO) to see all 3 together. N.B.: 63 is seem 2 content. Clearly Just proportional is fastest, but gives a large offset. GIG is smooth (2 real poles) ND no offset. But poles are well spaced so this is conservative. 63 has similar response time to GIG (same slowest time constant), but has complex poles and thus oscillation.Conclusion, PI is best! Typical exam type question outline answer a) Let the internal temperature be given as T degrees. The rate of heat supplied is given as: The heat loss OHIO(T+50) Hence the temperature is given by: In steady-state we desire T=20 which implies that b) If the external temperature drops by 10 degrees, then the model becomes: which implies the new steady-state temperature will be 6 degrees! The time constant is clearly 1000 sec. Students should sketch a graph showing the temperature moving from 20 to 6 with the appropriate time constant. ) If the heat input from the passengers is increased, the model becomes In the case, the change in temperature is negligible which suggests that for this scenario the key factor is the external temperature and heaters rather than any heat coming from the passengers. D) Clearly the open-loop choice of voltage does not maintain the temperature correctly in general and so some control is needed. It is known that the correct steady-state can only be achieved in the presence of uncertainty if integral action is included.The steady-state error too change in desired temperature is given by because K(O) is infinite, irrespective of changes in the gain of G or disturbances such as changes in external temperature! Students should first put the equations for the model and integral control law into Lovelace transforms about the steady-state: Hence The closed-loop transfer function is given as Students should validate that the time constants are reasonabl e and that the closed- loop is stable! The time constants are given from the roots of the closed-loop denominator. Students should note that these are similar to the original time constant and thus satisfactory.